Utopian Socialists Essay Example for Free

Utopian Socialists Essay Robert Owen was one of the founders of socialism ad cooperative movement, which in later years, Karl Marx had named as Utopian Socialist. Utopian ideals were derived from the three pillars his thought: (1) â€Å"no one was responsible for his will and his actions because his whole character is formed independently of himself†; this idea however, has earned him as a pioneer in the promotion of human capital; (2) he believed that â€Å"all religions were based on the same absurd imagination†; and though he did embrace spiritualism at the end of his life, still he was one amongst those who opposed religion; and (3) he supported the cottage system, and disliked the factory system. His first of his pillars of thought, the notion of environmentalism wherein he believed that all humans are product of the environment and that our human nature could not be changed, has become a cornerstone of all socialist theories. On his second idea, he rejected Christianity and its customs, and instead he relied on the guidance of Reason and Nature. And the third of his pillars, Owen revolutionized the factory system. As such he believed that factory system encouraged social responsibility, heartless individualism and destructive competition. Contrastingly, he recommended that a plain and simple plan will contain less danger to the society and individuals which will encourage the poor to become independent and self-supporting. Further, he instituted the establishment of villages and communities as a possible way of alleviating poverty. He also adopted the idea of private ownership and profit motivation despite of other humanistic measures that he had. And until his dying days, he proceeded on organizing the working classes in England (The History Guide). Saint-Simon Saint Simon was the founder of the French Socialism. His thoughts have greatly influenced the theories of industrialization and the realities of industrialism. In contrast to other socialist theorists, Saint Simon welcomed industrialization and capitalist growth. Further he found expertise and enterprise on the grounds of industrialism. One of his ideas â€Å"the Hand of Greed† described the basic avarice of the human beings. He believed that in the simplest form of society, man will always find a way to survive. Thus, he believes that all men strive to attain a higher place in the society’s innate hierarchy. Thus, his idea in achieving his utopian socialism, is for the society to eliminate this greed and way of thinking of human beings. The French Revolution became a starting point of his thoughts, when the opposition against destructive liberalism was strong, he advocated for a fresh social revolt and made appeals to the king to bring a new social order. Moreover, he found the dangers of uncontrolled individualism, thus he propagated the ideas towards an increase in productivity, organization, innovation, efficiency and technological discovery. Though, still he was not complacent enough to think that these ideas are to be achieved in a free market economy. Further, he was an elitist in nature. While he condemned kings, nobles and clergies as useless and parasitical, he placed the highest of glory, prestige and authority towards the technocrats. He believed that kings and nobles only should serve at a necessary and limited role, he distinguished technocrats with the role to lead and direct the development of the society (The History Guide). Charles Fourier was regarded as the â€Å"most utopian† amongst all the Utopian Socialists. He was aware of all that was happening in England after the Industrial Revolution. Further, he rejected the ideas of industrialization, laissez faire, and the factory system, due to what these can cause to the human society. And although he rejected the ideals behind industrialism, he made no actions to rectify the dangers incorporated in industrialism, his only action against it was to ignore it. But nonetheless, he had his own share of his philosophical writings. His ideas had told tremendous ideas for the future. His parable of the Four Apples, reflected a certain type of Enlightenment theme, wherein he used reason and nature as the main tenets of his writings. He also criticized bourgeoisie society for creating an â€Å"unnatural civilization†, and consequently added his paradigm for a â€Å"non-repressive society† wherein it shall provide an avenue for the expression and cultivation of human growth. For he believed, human nature was God-created, and that it must follow that the society should respect all avenues for human development rather than fighting it. Moreover, his idea of social success is attainable through concern and cooperation amongst humans – this also prompted him to organize â€Å"phalanxes† which he believed shall nurture cooperation among human. He also blamed poverty and inequality as the principal culprit for disorder in the society, thus bringing into the light the proposal to raise wages into sufficient level in order to eradicate poverty. His main concern was to liberate all individuals through education and the liberation of human passion (The History Guide). John Stuart Mill’s works were often perceived as works in contradiction. He was a proponent of classic liberalism, utilitarianism and held a utopian socialist aspect. He wrote â€Å"utility† as the greatest happiness principle, at which he regarded that actions are proportionately translated into happiness or its reverse accordingly. He also proposed for the hedonistic concept of happiness, as he equated it with the absence of pain. In his discourse of society growth, he consequentially failed to incorporate the process of human development, but rather extensively focused on his pleasure principle. Although he considered individual liberty as only secondary values, he admittedly related the problematic concepts of individual liberty in the course of economic entities. He regarded restrictions on trade and production as â€Å"evil† restraints, and consequently, he regarded the works of free trade as â€Å"one sided freedom†. He also believes that at any point in time wherein individual liberty clashes with liberty of economic entity, economics shall always prevail because it shall always provide for the greatest amount of happiness. And though he believes that given the chance, the best of human nature shall prevail, still he felt that individual liberty was only a secondary option and their needs are only second to be fulfilled. Further, he also developed an elitist mentality and formed his utopian concept rooted from his utilitarianism. He explicitly expressed contempt against the masses and expressed his doubt in the principles of democracy and instead suggested the rule of intellectual aristocrats (Galloway, 1996)

Biography of Harriet Tubman Essay -- Harriet Tubman Slavery Racism Ess

Biography of Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman was born in 1820 on a large plantation in Dorchester County, Maryland. She was the sixth of eleven children. She was born in a very small on-room log hut, that was located behind her families owners house. The huthad a dirt floor, no windows, and no furniture. Her fater, Benjamin Ross, and mother, Harriet Green, were both slaves. They were from the Ashanti ribe of West Africa. Edward Brodas, Harriet's owner, hired her out as a laborer by the age of five. The buying and selling of humans was a big deal in America between the late 1600's and the 1800's. By 1835 there were over two million black men, women, and children who were slaves. These people were bought and sold. No one cared if husbands and wives got weparated or if children were separated from their parents. Slaves were not treated like people. No one really cared what happend to them. Harriet was beaten by her masters all the time. They saw as a wild child. One tiem, Harriet saw a bowl filled with lumps of suger and decided to take one. Harriet's mistress, Miss. Susan, saw her take it and started chasing her with a whip. Harriet ran away and hid out with the pigs. She ahd to go bakc, because she was really hungrey. When she went back she got whipped over and over again. She said, "Now you know, I never had anything good, no sweet, no suger, and that sugar right by me did look so nice." By her early teens, Harriet was no longer allowed to work inside, so she was hired out as a filed hand. She work very hard and long hours out in the fields. There was no such thing as a rest for slaves. In 1835, Harriet came between her owner and a slave who was running away. The owner threw a lead weight, that weighed 2 punds, at the runaway, but it hit Harriet instead. the hit put hir in a coma and it took months for her to recover. She never fully recovered from the hit and after that suffered from blackouts, really bad headaches, and sleeping spelss for the rest of her life. In 1844, Harriet meet a free black man named John Tubman. They got married, but Harriet was still a slave. They got to stay in his cabin at night. Harriet's owner died and she knew she was going to be sold to someone else. She was really afraid of being shipped to the deep south. The deep south was the worse p... ...odist Episcopal Zion Church. In 1897, Queen victoria awarded Harriet a silver medal for being so brave. The church cimpleted the hime and it was done by 1908. Harriet got old and sick. She died of pneumonia n March 10, 1913. She lived to be 93 years old. Harriet had a hard childhood, but that made her the brave and caring woman she was. She risked her own life over and over again to free family and other slaves. harriet spent most of her life working to make life better for other people, and she did a really good job at ti. She was a very strong woman and she didn't let anything get in her way. Harriet Tubman opened up the eyes of white people all over America and told them why slavery was so wrong. WORKS CITED Merton Dillon, Teh Abolitionists: The growth of a dissnting Minority, pg 187 David Alder, A story of Young Harriet Tubman, pg 22 Mark Buller, Harriet Tubman: her Courageous Story, pg 45 Free states versus Slave States, The World Book of encyclopedia, pg 475-480 Louis Filler, The Crusade Against Slavery: 1830-1860, pg 203 Sarah Bradford, Harriet Tubman: The Moses of her People, pg 56 Tim Hopkinson, Railroad to Freedom pg 142

Wireless Technology Proposal

Starting a business can be challenging as well as rewarding. Implementing the use of modern, relevant technology will help promote success within the business. Wireless devices can be used to help with achieving and maintaining that success. There is a vast array of wireless devices available to choose from. It is important to know which of these would be most useful for the party plate business. With research, it has been determined that party plates would benefit most from modern cell phones and the Apple IPAD.We recommend that each employee be provided a cellular phone and also an Apple IPAD for business purposes. Attached is a detailed proposal that addresses the pro’s and cons of incorporating these two devices. We will justify the decision of choosing the devices and our research and data will break down the economical concerns associated with implementing this plan of action. In conjunction with my team, we have deliberated and decided upon two wireless technologies tha t would be beneficial to administer in the Party Plates organization.We have decided to implement the usefulness of Apple iPads & Blackberry phones into our company to streamline business. The iPad offers apps that eliminate paper-based processes that give you realtime information, and improve efficiency of common office activities. iPad gives you immediate access to important files. Utilizing easytouse business apps on iPad, you can review and edit Microsoft Office and iWork files, fine-tune presentations, and annotate PDFs. iPads allows you to continue working on important projects even when you’re away from your desk.Using an iPad simplifies all your business-critical tasks, whether it’s managing inventory, tracking shipments, or invoicing clients. With iPad and apps from the App Store, get equipped with ready-to-go solutions to keep your operations on course. iPad is also an incredible mobile sales tool to help you manage all your customer relationships. With its w ireless connectivity, iPad gives you on-the-spot access to your CRM database for customer information, sales data, and task lists.In addition to the iPad, our team chose to incorporate the Blackberry phone as a wireless mobile device as well. The advantages of giving your employees a blackberry as a business device allows users to make phone calls, send emails, look at and send documents, text messages and pictures, and record and listen to voicemails from anywhere in the world. The business benefits of these devices have led some companies to purchase a plan for every employee. This has led some companies to see an increase in employee efficiency and happiness.With a company Blackberry, an employee can conduct business when outside of the office. Mobile access to communications and information helps you respond promptly to inquiries and address customer concerns immediately, enhancing their satisfaction. Access to up-to-date information helps you capitalize on business opportunitie s virtually whenever and wherever they arise. Technology has many benefits to a business; however there are also many potential disadvantages. One important benefit for a bus to use wireless technology is to save money.Wireless Technology regulates the need for employees to come into the office. For example, if there is a meeting that would involve several employees in different locations it would save the company money to not have to pay for travel expenses. It is an advantage for employees to use their company phones. Wireless communication increases communication by receiving information faster. Wireless communication allows employees to be easy to contact when on the move. Most of all there is no need for cords.On the negative side of wireless technology, many businesses depend on electronic systems and operation for the company can come to an immediate standstill if the software crashes or the system goes down. Second, software is constantly changing and needing upgrading and t echnical support could be time consuming. Security can be an issue; unauthorized people can attack wireless technology. The mobile speed is not as fast as a desktop computer, and sometimes servicing can be expensive. As our business Party Plates continues to emerge we will continue to require advancement in our technology.Wireless technology plays a huge role in the way we facilitate our day to day business. Some of the latest additions to our wireless devices are such as the cell phone and I-pad. These wireless devices will ensure our employees not only have a variety but flexibility alike. Our management team and sales associates are finding it not only convenient but it helps with their overall productivity of our products for several reasons. First, wireless technology allows our employees the opportunity to be productive and use their time that was formerly being wasted.A good example would be, most employees commute to work on public transportation. The commute allows them the time to research new and innovate ways and ideas to help continue the growth of our company or complete unfinished assignments. Secondly, because our employees or able to take their devices with them, their work locations are much more flexible. Another great advantage to upgrading to wireless technology is that it allows our employees the opportunity to allocate their work time around their personal obligations.The following is a spreadsheet to track hardware and software requirements. In conclusion, you can see the company will successfully meet goals, and provide a more substantial way of communication for all staff. After carefully reviewing the operation of Party Plates a modern relevant and sufficient technology to consider are cell phones and the up to date IPAD 2. Our team would gladly assist your company to moving forward with a wireless way of communication. Reference: http://us. blackberry. com/business/types/small/SolutionsBrochure_V5. pdf

Debt Repayment Capacity Suggested A Large Emporium Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1969 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? This chapter keeps the following structure: section 4.2 put forward the research questions, 4.3 present the data sources and hypotheses of the study and section 4.4 relates to the methodology employed explaining the econometric model to be used. While the following chapter concentrates on the empirical findings. 4.1 Introduction The literature and empirical findings on debt repayment capacity suggested a large emporium of macroeconomic variables which determines the servicing capacity of a countrys external debt and thereby affecting the economic performance of a country. The study here employs the most relevant variables determining the servicing capacity of debt for a developing state economy Mauritius. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Debt Repayment Capacity Suggested A Large Emporium Finance Essay" essay for you Create order 4.2 Research Questions The curbing effect of international trade post the US Subprime crisis on debt repayment capacity is a matter of concern for an economy. The total public debt of the country being around 57.3 %[1]of GDP in 2011 and external debt represent one third of this percentage. Alongside, it is vital to analyze how the different macroeconomic variables following the economic/financial crisis responding to repayment capacity of the economy. In this optic, a country level analysis through a time series econometric analysis is undertaken for the period 1990 to 2011. The following sets of hypotheses19 are mentioned with their explanation below: 4.3 Data Sources The study makes use of time series data from 1990 to 2011, thus making use of 21 data points just enough for effective regression analysis. The data used for this study has been taken from the World Bank. . 4.4 Methodology Time Series Models describes the historical patterns of data is popular forecasting methods and have often been found to be competitive relative to economic system of equations (particularly in their multivariate forms). These are the work-horse of the forecasting industry. Although time series data are used heavily in econometric studies, they present special problems for econometricians. One common problem is that of serial correlation and another one is that the underlying time series should be stationary. If that is not the case, we encounter the problem of what is known as spurious or nonsense regression (Granger and Newbold (1974)). The term spurious regression is used to describe regression results, involving time series, that look good (the t-values suggest that there is a significant relationship between the two variables) when in fact the truth is that there can be no significant relationship between the two variables. To avoid the spurious regression problem that arises from regressing a non-stationary on one or more non stationary time series, we have to transform the non stationary times series into a stationary times series. Because if a time series is not stationary, we can study behavior only for the period under consideration. As a consequence, it is not possible to generalize it to other time periods. Therefore for the purpose of forecasting, non stationary time series may be of little practical value. Stationarity has always played a major role in time series analysis. To perform forecasting, most techniques required stationarity conditions. Loosely speaking, a time series is stationary if its mean and variance do not vary systematically over time. One advantage is that Time Series Data are very easily available. The Econometric Approach The Economic Model-adapted from Ramlall (2011) Following the literature review, we cannot conclude which variable mostly affect Debt repayment positively or negatively. The central objective is to determine and analyze the most important factors that affect debt repayment in Mauritius. In this view, the following model is to be used: The following model is set up according to Ramlall (2011). Debt repayment capacity is influenced by the macroeconomics factor specified in the model below. DSCR = f (IT, FDI, EXTDEBT, RES, INV) Where, DSCR is Debt Service Coverage Ratio IT stands for International Trade FDI stands for Foreign Direct Investment EXTDEBT stands for External Debt RES stand for Reserves INV stands for Investment For analytical purposes and to conduct various tests, the function has been transformed into an econometric model which can be described as follows: DSCRt = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1ITt + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2FDIt + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3ExternalDebtt + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²4RESt + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²5INVt + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt Where the unknown parameter ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² captures the effects of each variable, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0 is a constant also known as the intercept term and ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt, the random error term. The t in subscript denotes the use of time series data. Where the dependent variable is rate of interest (ROI) and the explanatory variables are the constant (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±), the treasury bills rate (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1), usa interest rate (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2), inflation rate (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3) and money supply (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²4). The model above, measures the percentage change of interest rate (Y variable) given a percentage change in the macroeconomic factors(X variables). The slope coefficients on the other hand assess the elasticity of rate of interest in respect with the other macroeconomic determinants. A time series analysis will be performed for the period 1990 to 2010. A set series represent a set of observations on the values which a variable takes at different times. Such data are collected at regular intervals for example daily (such as stock prices, weather reports), weekly (such as money supply), monthly (for e.g. unemployment rates, consumer price index), quarterly (e.g. GDP) and annually (such as government budgets). Although time series data are heavily used in many econometric studies, they pose many problems to econometricians. Such can take the form of serial correlation (occurs in time series when the errors associated with a given time period carry over into future time periods) or a problem known as spurious or nonsense regression (Granger and Newbold 1974). The term spurious regression describes regression results which involve time series that look good (the t values suggest significant relationship between the variables) when in fact there can be no significant association between the two variables. A time series therefore is stationary when the mean and variance do not vary systematically overtime. 4.2 The Econometric Approach 4.2.1 The Economic Model-adapted from Maysami, Howe and Hamzah (2004) Stock Market indices are influenced by all the macroeconomic factors specified in the econometric model below. LnS = f {INF, RINT, GRW, LnMS, EXR} Equation (5) where LnS: Ln SEMDEX, INF: Inflation Rate, RINT: Real Interest Rate, GRW: Growth Rate, LnMS: Ln Money Supply, EXR: Exchange Rate 4.2.2 Variable Description and Justification The following criteria have been used as determinants for the selection of variables: existing literature on the topic, economic theory, availability of data and whether they fit well in the model in statistical terms. Before conducting the regression analysis, the study give a concise description of their being in the model. LnS is the SEMDEX (Ln is applied). It is the one of the main indices that tracks the evolution of prices of securities listed on the official market. This variable captures the overall performance of the market and it is the dependent variable in our regression analysis. INF; inflation rate is generally described as a rise in the general price level. Inflation rate is one of the most important national economic statistics. Increase in inflation rates increases the cost of living and causes a transfer of resources from stock market instruments to consumables. This therefore leads to a decline in the demand for market instruments which tends to reduce the volume of trading and thus value of traded stocks with no price increase. Inflation is widely used in many such studies. For example, Maysami, and Koh (2000) make use of this variable in order find a relationship between the Singapore all index and the macroeconomic variables. In the study a negative relationship was hypothesized, however they concluded a significant positive relationship between the stock prices and inflation. RINT; Real Interest Rate, is the lending interest rate adjusted for inflation as measured by the GDP deflator. GRW; represents growth rate of the economy. It is a measure of the value of economic activity within a system. LnMS is the money supply-M2, as defined by the International Financial Statistics comprise the sum of currency outside banks, demand deposits other than those of the central government, and the time, savings, and foreign currency deposits of resident sectors other than the central government. Changes in money supply may affect share prices in 2 ways. First, changes in money supply may be related to unanticipated increases in inflation and future inflation uncertainty and hence negatively influence the share price. Secondly, changes in money supply may positively influence the share price through its impact on economic activity. EXR is the exchange rate of the Mauritian rupee vis a vis the US dollar. Exchange rate is an important variable for as a currency depreciates rapidly, capital flight affects the exchanges trading volume and market index as funds are redirected outside. 4.2.3 Model Specification To be able to carry out the empirical analysis of the link between the selected macroeconomic indicators and the performance of the stock market index, we develop the following model: Equation (6) where St- the stock market index (SEMDEX), INF is the inflation rate, RINT-Real Interest Rate, LnMS-Money Supply, EXR-Exchange Rate, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²s are the coefficients of the variables and  µt is the error term. Under this chapter, the different hypotheses and variables used are put forward in section 4.2 and 4.3. Section 4.4 presents the data sources, limitations and methodology utilized. The theory of gravity model is explained and the models for our hypotheses are specified in section 4.5. Moreover, a priori report of expected results is set forward in section 4.6. Ultimately, section 4.7 bestows explanation on choice of estimation method. 4.2 METHODOLOGY In order to estimate the impact of financial infrastructure undertaken in Sub-Saharan Africa on financial sector development and growth, the panel fixed effect model and the random effect model are used respectively. An augmented model has been invoked based on the different components regarding the definition of Financial Infrastructure and other financial variables. Firstly, a general equation is estimated. In such an equation, the various variables are likely to interact with each other. In order to choose the most significant variables in explaining financial sector development and growth, a reduced form regression is obtained with the elimination of Domestic credit to Private Sector as % of GDP. Thus, this implies that the ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾from general-to-specificÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸ method is used. On the other hand, in order to test the different hypotheses, the ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾general-to-specificÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸ approach had to be used so as to remove the insignificant variables and it is noteworthy that the variables which need to be eliminated differ from regression to regression. The result will enable in validating one of these hypothesis: H0: Null hypothesis the values of each macroeconomic factor is not related to the debt repayment capacity of Mauritius. H1: Alternate hypothesis the values of each macroeconomic factor is related at any point to the debt repayment capacity of Mauritius In the previous chapters, the different views regarding how exchange rates and stock market are related have been mentioned. In this chapter, the data and the methodology used for this study will be explained. The chapter is structured as follows: section 4.1 presents the data which will be used for the time series analysis and their sources; section 4.2 gives a data analysis and finally in section 4.3 the methodology to be used will be explained. 5.1 Model specification The following model is set up according to Lucio Sarno et al., Shmuel Kandel et al. 2001 Interest rate is modeled in the following specified factors below: Rate of interest = f (treasury bills rate, Money Supply, Inflation, USA interest rate) For analytical purposes and to conduct various tests, we have transformed the function into an econometric model which can be described as follows: ROIt = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1Treasury billst + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2Usa interest ratest + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3inflation ratest + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²4lnMSSt + ut Where the dependent variable is rate of interest (ROI) and the explanatory variables are the constant (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±), the treasury bills rate (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1), usa interest rate (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2), inflation rate (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3) and money supply (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²4). The model above, measures the percentage change of interest rate (Y variable) given a percentage change in the macroeconomic factors(X variables). The slope coefficients on the other hand assess the elasticity of rate of interest in respect with the other macroeconomic determinants.