Review of Study McSweeneys Hofstedes Model of National...

McSweeney, B. (2002) Hofstedes model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A triumph of faith a failure of analyses, Human Relations, 55, 1: 89-118 Name Institution Professor Course Date Introduction The research article by McSweeney (2002) ascertains that within every management disciplines, crucial literatures that presuppose that every nation holds its distinctive, describable and influential culture. According to McSweeney (2002), culture shapes every aspect of nature. The author discusses the foundation through which influential national culture exists. The article outlines Hofstedes assertions that he empirically identified manifold national cultures or disparities between such cultures through disputing five vital methodological assumptions he made. The article also puts into consideration the probability of a determinate link between uniform national establishments and national culture. McSweeney (2002) criticizes the methodology used by Hofstede. Methodologies are systems utilized by researchers in data collection and analysis. Methodology is concerned with the justification and option of research methods, and founded on the conclusions of the researcher. Moreover, metho dology is important in the view that it depends on the beliefs and values of those involved in the process of research. Hofstedes Findings and Methodology Hofstede studies national culture as a specified regularity that modes common values. He adopt deterministic andShow MoreRelatedHofstede Cultural Difference Critiques2337 Words   |  10 PagesContents Introduction: Etic or Emic? At what extent are McSweeney’s critiques valuable? 4 Research Validity 5 Research Reliability: 5 Research Sample 5 Back to Culture 7 Questionnaire and Dimensions 8 History and Research Validations 9 Conclusion 10 Bibliography 12 Introduction: Etic or Emic? At what extent are McSweeney’s critiques valuable? Arguably, Hofstede’s work (1980, 1997) represents a pioneering approach of culture as a way of comparing international management frameworksRead Morehofstede cultural dimensional theory3848 Words   |  16 PagesHofstede 1 Running Head: HOFSTEDE’S CULTURAL DIMENSIONS: THE BASICS AND THE CRITICISMS ra oi M Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions: E. The Basics and the Criticisms Moira E. Hanna H Clemson University na an Hofstede 2 Abstract Hofstede’s model (1980) has been used widely in research in the past two decades. The culture-based model consists of four dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism-collectivism, and masculinity-femininity. Each of these

Afterlife Essay - 996 Words

Afterlife When we think about the afterlife today it is easy to categorize the locations after death: Heaven and Hell. As Christians, we have guidelines in which to receive eternal life and we follow the life as Jesus Christ, and according to the Bible, through Him we are saved. Pretty simple to concept, but in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India, the afterlife is not so easy to grasp. Polytheism, pharaohs, and Buddha will all be prevalent in this exploration of the afterlife in ancient civilizations. Mesopotamians also called Sumerians believed that the afterlife was a bleak and dismal existence. It was commonly called the House of Darkness and entitled an eternity in the ground. They were polytheistic and the Gods in which they†¦show more content†¦One pillar was the religious ideology that the Gods wanted territory and war was the duty of all people. Another pillar was to use horror and terror to control people. Mesopotamian literature was often pessimistic and doubtful of the Gods. In T he Epic of Gilgamesh the society is in search of a religious basis for human action, but the main focus of the story is the negligence of eternal life and the defeat of the hero in search of immortality. Lastly, the Sumerians could not get a grasp on nature. With their dependence upon irrigation from the Tigris and Euphrates that constantly faced flash floods and the Euphrates changed course rapidly causing salty soil, not to mention the droughts. There animosity towards the Gods was the basis of their cruelty. Through the Enuma Elish, the Mesopotamian creation account, we see that humans are slaves to the Gods, in every regard. Just like the Sumerians, the Egyptians were polytheistic, but they differed in many areas. Egyptians had pharaohs that ruled the kingdom of Egypt. These pharaohs were Egypt’s God-Kings (Adler, 24). The pharaoh was not like the Gods, but instead was a God, a God who chose to live on Earth for a time (Adler, 24). The pharaoh’s will was law and h is wisdom was all-knowing (Adler, 24). The people of Egypt had to carry out his wishes or the Gods might not bless the land. Originally, Egyptians were angered about the afterlife. They thought that it was onlyShow MoreRelatedAfterlife1501 Words   |  7 Pagesancient times the perception of afterlife played a very important role in Egyptian society, as well as in both Roman and Greek one. According to Egyptian scriptures of the time, when a person dies parts of his body know as Ka and Ba would go to the Kingdom of the Dead, while his soul would wander in the Fields of Aaru, the Egyptian heaven. (Wallais, 1906). Egyptian also believed that only a mummified body lying on a coffin was entitled to have an afterlife. (Bard, 1999). The GreekRead More Afterlife Essay454 Words   |  2 PagesThe Afterlife nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Considering my thoughts on the afterlife is something I have done several times in my life. My views and beliefs have changed over the years regarding this subject. My Catholic upbringing was probably where my first views came from. They were the traditional heaven and hell beliefs and also of purgatory. Today my thoughts are not so black and white. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I am not sure what lies beyond this life. I do believe that we just don’tRead MoreDeath and the Afterlife Essay593 Words   |  3 PagesDeath and the Afterlife A/ Muslims believe in Akhirah. This is the belief that there is eternal life after death in either Heaven (paradise) or Hell. To reach either Hell or Heaven Muslims believe they must cross the Assirat Bridge. While crossing the Assirat Bridge Allah passes his judgement on your soul. The righteous can cross the bridge and reach paradise, but the damned will simply fall off the bridge into the fiery pits of Hell. Paradise is for believersRead MoreThe Afterlife Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pageswould live forever. They believed that a person’s soul would journey through various tests to enter the afterlife. The Egyptians believed the soul of a person would continue to live in the body the person lived in during life. So they went to great length to preserve their bodies from decay, through a process called mummification. (Egypt) The Greeks also believed in the concept of an afterlife. They believed that after death their souls would leave their body and journey to the land of the dead.Read MoreDeath, Morality, And The Afterlife919 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea the death, morality, and the afterlife have gradually changed through history. Death has an unavoidable and unpredictable nature. The conceptualization of death and what happens to a person when they die is perplexing to understand. Humans tend to fear the things in which they cannot begin to explain. No one person exactly knows for sure what to expect once they leave this world. So, we have established religion and science in an attempt to allow us to wrap our heads around this idea. EventuallyRead MoreChristina Rossettis Afterlife751 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Afterlife† What kind of afterlife do you believe in? Human condition is something that all humans have and in this essay I will be talking about peoples take on the afterlife. So humankind, regardless of geography, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race, education or economic status and nearly all have a belief in afterlife and it is through literature that authors provide insight, comfort, and oftentimes advice to help us cope with our humanity. The first kind of people that believe in theRead MoreThe Afterlife Of Egypt And Early Greece934 Words   |  4 PagesThe afterlife is usually thought of as something even better than life as we know it. Having certain beliefs about one’s destiny after passing can help with coping and believing that one is where they belong. Thoughts about the afterlife have always varied greatly. Even so, all cultures and religions are alike in one way; they stick with their own specific beliefs because their way is the only â€Å"right† way. Although all believed in deities, the views on the afterlife of Egypt and Early Greece believedRead MoreHamlets Understanding Of Death And The Afterlife1143 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the play, Hamlet’s understanding of death and the afterlife shifts to accommodate his emotional state and the needs of his conscience. Deep down, Hamlet doesn t believe in a true â€Å"afterlife†. After seeing the sins of man, he has a hard time b elieving that we deserve such a fate and seems to almost hope that all that awaits is peaceful nothingness. However, certain situations cause Hamlet to shift his views as a way to console his conscience and help him to avoid facing his own problemsRead MoreDeath, Mortality, And The Afterlife938 Words   |  4 PagesFreud once said that death is inevitable and yet inconceivable. The idea of death, mortality, and afterlife has been a question for the human race since the beginning of time. Throughout time and space these ideas have changed and have been modified according to their own views depending in what region they were born in and the time period. To look at what has changed over the periods we have to look at our history starting with writings like the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Hebrew texture, the Bible andRead MoreEmily Dickinson : Death And Afterlife996 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Dickinson: Death and Afterlife Emily Dickinson lived a life of seclusion and grew up in Amherst, Massachusetts. She almost always stayed at home and wore basic clothing, only dressing in white gowns (Puchner 1054). Dickinson also never married. She was born in 1830 and died in 1886. Dickinson never intended for her works to be published or even made public for that matter. She asked her sister to destroy all of her works, but instead, her sister decided to have her works published after

Herbert Simon free essay sample

This paper looks at how Herbert Simons research and publications in the field of economic sciences have continued to influence the decision-making process of many managers in the business world. This paper examines some of the different business theories that have been put forward by leading scholar, Herbert Simon. The paper details his life achievements in the areas of business, psychology, political science and information science. The author pays special attention of one of his books, Administrative Behavior and examines its influence on how business managers conduct themselves. Herbert Simon won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences and it is his work that continues to be used as the basis for analyzing a companys decision-making process. Herbert Simons qualifications are in the areas of political science, administration, psychology and information sciences yet his major contributions are based on economic theories. Simon applied economic theory to all situations where human beings make decisions including business situations. We will write a custom essay sample on Herbert Simon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The difference of Simons work is that he applied the ideas of psychology to economic theories, effectively adding the human factor which economists had ignored. As Simon noted nothing is more fundamental in setting our research agenda and informing our research methods than our view of the nature of the human beings whose behavior we are studying (Simon 1985, p303).

Theorizing Damage Through Reproductive Torts

Question: Discuss about the Theorizing Damage Through Reproductive Torts. Answer: Introduction: Trevor is the owner of and takes people on tour walk in Bunya Mountains. Anna went on a walk, fell down, and hurt her under the consumption of wine. Anna wants to sue Trevor on grounds of negligence. Is Trevor liable? Rules: English Law of tort embodies a persons civil liabilities towards one another. When one person breaches the duty of care towards the other, he faces liability for negligence (Chamallas 2015). According to the law of tort, there are few essential requirements as to it: Breach of duty Duty of care The harm must not be too distant a corollary of breach Breach causing harm in fact Duty of care stands for the fact when a person is held liable for his act which in turn has caused harm to another person. The extent of care should be such that the injured person finds it appropriate. In the Court of law the injured person should prove that he has faced injury and is liable to damages. There must be existence of contractual relationship between two individuals for the duty of care to exist. Here the manufacturers did not have a contractual relationship with the consumers but still owes a duty of care towards them (Keating 2015). According to Theory of social contract the individuals in a society owes a sense of responsibility towards each other. In the Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 the concept of negligence was clearly defined and established. It is the landmark judgment in tort of negligence. The House of Lords apprehended that a person will owe a duty of care towards the other in the journey of their action (Deakin, Johnston and Markesinisc 2012). In accorda nce to this, let us take into consideration the famous case of Donoghue v Stevenson[1932]UKHL 100, which lays the foundation of English tort law and Scot Delict law by the House of Lords. In this case, tort of negligence and duty of care is established. When we look into this particular case, Donoghue buys a bottle of ginger beer from a shop. She drinks the beer and falls unwell; because there was a dead snail in the bottle of beer which she neither was aware off . Even the shopkeeper from whom she bought the beer was unaware of it. Donoghue decides to sue the ginger beer manufacturer, Stevenson as in this situation she could not sue the shopkeeper, who was even unaware of the fact. When put before the House of Lords it was decided that, the manufacturer was at fault and he owed a duty of care towards the consumer. The manufacturer breached duty of care and is it foreseeable because its the duty of a manufacture to ensure the quality of a product, which may cause harm to consumers o n consumption. Previously, before Donoghue v Stevenson it was held that where there is personal injury inflicted on a person whether directly or indirectly is not liable in tort of negligence. It was held that consumption of a noxious substance which caused injury to the consumer is liable not to tortuous claims. However, in this case a substantially different decision has been taken where it was held that Donoghue is liable to tortuous claims not the grounds of strict liability (direct physical contact that requires bodily injuries) but common law of tort and delict. Donoghue was liable to claim damages for injury under Tort of negligence. Lord Macmillan in this case held that law would not be liable for claims abruptly. Where there will be a carelessness, which has caused damage then only the duty of care will arise. In this scenario, Lord Macmillan said that the manufacturer should not have kept the bottle in a place where snails could have an access to it. It was also said in th is case that the consumer and the manufacturer is in a contract of sale. Though Donoghue is not by contract of sale by the manufacturer, her friend was, so Donoghue was liable to claim damages for negligence. Thus, Stevenson being the manufacturer of food and drink Company owes a duty of care towards the consumers who faced reasonable injury, which is enforceable by law. Therefore, it is held in this case that the appellant was liable to damages arising out of injury and there was breach of duty of trust on part of the manufacturer, which makes him liable (Eades 2015). In the case of Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd[1970] UKHL 2 the court enlarged the extent of negligence and the duty of care towards the individuals. In the case of Anns v Merton London Borough Council[1978] A.C. 728 the House of Lords provided the investigation of theory of negligence and duty of care. The test is referred to as the Anns Test or the two-stage test (Guay and Cummins 2013). Many countries apply this test in dealing with cases relating to tort of negligence. These two conditions are used to see the duty of care that exists between the defendant and claimant in relation to the closeness of foreseeing the situation and considering the fact that there should have been a duty of care among the individuals (Eggen 2015). In the case of Bolton v. Stone[1951] AC 850, [1951] 1 All ER 1078 it was held by the Court that the defendant was not found guilty of negligence and even there was not breach of duty on part of the defendant. The damage that was faced by the plaintiff is not something, which was foreseeable act in the course action of the defendant. The cricket ball, which hit Mrs. Stone while she was standing outside her house did hit with sufficient force that could cause damage to a person. The learned Court held that the plaintiff is not liable to damages because the situation that arise could not by any means was foreseeable danger (Gifford and Robinette). Contributory negligence is the law in which if the injured party did a failure on his part and act prudently it will be considered to a contributory injury that he had suffered. In law if a person is not at fault he will not be liable to pay damages. Yet again let us consider the case of Nettleship v Weston[1971] 2 QB 691, where Nettleship is the plaintiff and Weston is the defendant. The plaintiff was promised to teach Mrs. Weston to drive her husbands car. In one of a situation, it happened that the defendant not having good driving skills met with an accident, which caused harm to the plaintiff. The defendant now argued that the court should make allowance for her as she was not an expert driver. The Court of Appeal consisting of Lord DenningMR,SalmonLJandMegawLJ said that as the driver was inexperienced and did not have proper driving skills raises the question of complicated shifting standards. Salmon LJ held that in a situation where the plaintiff was aware of the fact that the defendant did not have proper driving skills makes the plaintiff responsible of the accident. Furthermore, the instructor is always in partial control of the car and should be well aware of the skills of the driver. Thus was held that the plaintiff was liable to damages due to contributory negligence (Goudkamp and Ihuoma 2016). Application: In our case of Anna and Trevor, we see that there has been contributory negligence. When we apply the case of Donoghue v Stevenson, we see that that there was negligence on part of the manufacturer of beer and thus he was liable to pay damages. The manufacturer of a Company owes a duty of care towards his consumers. Thus, the manufacturer was liable to pay damages to the plaintiff who suffered injury. However, in the case of Anna and Trevor there was contributory negligence on part of Trevor. To develop this we consider the case of Bolton v Stone where the defendant was not liable to pay Mrs. Stone because the incident, which took place, was not something, which could be easily foreseeable. In the case of Nettleship v Weston the court held that the plaintiff was liable to contributory negligence. The incident was something, which was not foreseeable but the plaintiff was in partial control of the car and should have shown enough care because the defendant was learning dr iving and the car should not have been in his control totally. The instructor was in partial control of the car so is liable to pay damages under contributory negligence (Little et al. 2014). When we apply these case studies in the case of Anna and Trevor we see that Trevor is liable to pay damages under the rule of contributory negligence. Trevor had a duty of care towards the people he has taken for the walk in the hills especially at the time when he it was already dark and he knew people faces accident in the dark while walking in the jungle. Anna should have worn heels and short skirt when it was directed by Trevor not to wear such clothes and shoes. She faced an injury also because of negligence on her part. Trevor is liable to pay contributory damages. Moreover, she was under the consumption of alcohol and feeling tipsy and she feel down. Had she not consumed alcohol she would not faced the accident like a person of prudence. Conclusion: Anna is liable to get damages from Trevor based on the law of contributory negligence. He liable to pay damages because he owed a duty of care towards the people he had taken for a walk. References: Chamallas, M. (2015). Theorizing Damage Through Reproductive Torts.Jotwell: J. Things We Like, 88. Deakin, S. F., Johnston, A., Markesinis, B. S. (2012).Markesinis and Deakin's tort law. Oxford University Press. Eades, R. W. (2015).Torts Involving Personal Property(Vol. 1). Jury Instructions on Damages in Tort Actions. Eggen, J. M. (2015). Mental Disabilities and Duty in Negligence Law: Will Neuroscience Reform Tort Doctrine?.Indiana Health Law Review,12, 591. Gifford, D. G., Robinette, C. J. (2014). Apportioning liability in Maryland tort cases: Time to end contributory negligence and joint and several liability.Maryland Law Review,73, 2013-61. Goudkamp, J., Ihuoma, M. (2016). A Tour of the Tort of Negligence. Guay III, G. E., Cummins, R. (2013).Tort Law for Paralegals. Pearson Higher Ed. Iacobucci, E. M., Trebilcock, M. J. (2016). An economic analysis of waiver of tort in negligence actions.University of Toronto Law Journal,66(2), 173-196. Keating, G. (2015). Is Negligence Law Less Objective than We Think.Jotwell: J. Things We Like, 137. Little, J. W., Lidsky, L. B., O'Connell, S. C., Lande, R. H. (2014).Torts: Theory and Practice. LexisNexis.