Early Intervention Reducing Recidivism Among Children

Early Intervention reducing recidivism among children and adolescent offenders Student number: s2875363 Student name: Kate O’Reilly Course name: CCJ10 Introduction to Forensic Psychology Enrollment: External, Griffith University Course convener: Dr. Myesa Knox Mahoney Course tutor: Domanic De Andrade Date due: Wed 23rd Jan 2013 Word count: 1430 It has been widely acknowledged that crime has consequences for individuals and society (Ou & Reynolds, 2010).So it has been widely accepted that children and adolescents with antisocial behaviour are a societal problem (Helmond, Overbeek & Brugman, 2012). Antisocial behavior is characterised by violent offences such as robbery and assault causing harm to not only its victims but to society as well (Helmond, Overbeek & Brugman, 2012). Society pays the price for crime not only in loss of personal effects and medical costs but also in the cost of incarceration to the tax payers (Ou & Reynolds, 2010).It is the antisocial behaviour, that is targeted in early interventions, in an attempt to diminish delinquency (Hollin & Palmer, 2009). Studies have been undertaken that provide evidence that intervention is effective and benefits the whole of society (Ou & Reynolds, 2010). In this essay, focus will be drawn specifically to intervention and it’s part in curbing recidivism in juvenile offenders.The impact of early intervention for young offenders will be explored in detail, and some examples of early interventions, how and why they work, will be examined and this research will support the success of early interventions and their effectiveness in fighting recidivism. In exploring the rationale of young offenders we uncover reasons why early intervention can lessen the rate of recidivism and in some cases effectively quell re offending. Research has been conducted showing that the brains growth does not stop before at least the early twenties (Buchen, 2012).This means that adolescents are far more likely to act befor e considering the consequences, they are impetuous, and easily influenced by their peers (Buchen, 2012). Now more than ever campaigners for youths are working towards less punishment and more importantly far more opportunity for intervention or rehabilitation (Buchen, 2012). Research into crime has shown that criminal activities occurring in adulthood have been found to follow a youth’s career of criminal activity and antisocial behaviour, developing into an adult re-offender, (Ou & Reynolds, 2010).Youth offenders show predictors early in life that include the sex, race and ethnicity of the juvenile, as well as aggression, and antisocial behaviour in childhood (Ou & Reynolds, 2010). They can be coerced to offend simply because of stressors in their lives (Sealock & Manasse, 2012). In some cases studies have enabled prediction of delinquency that can then allow prevention of youth involvement in the juvenile justice system all together, (Sealock & Manasse, 2012).Where this is not the case and a young person is incarcerated, early intervention is required to curb re-offenders. Mentally ill juveniles will offend three times as often as other juveniles, and for these offenders imprisonment can be fruitless causing significant increase in symptoms instead of reversing environmental damage and improving their skills as it is intended (Erickson, 2012). This puts them further at risk are mentally ill juveniles, for whom demanding life events, such as loss of job or family breakdown, will often lead to violence as a response (Markowitz, 2011).For these mentally ill youths social opportunities can be limited, they will have difficulty finding a job, stable accommodation and a support network (Markowitz, 2011). There often limited opportunities for intervention before the fact (Markowitz, 2011). Because of this some offenders tend towards homelessness and crimes of survival such as shoplifting and trespassing, some committing these non-violent crimes as a way of s eeking intervention they would not otherwise have access to (Hinday, 1997).Symptoms of mental illness include; impulsivity and impaired judgment and can cause already hotheaded youths to act in antisocial ways (Hinday, 1997). A form of intervention that continually arises in research looking at young offenders is the use of cognitive behavioural therapy or modification. Cognitive Behavioural therapy is founded on social learning, and adopts the theory that offenders have learned unsuitable ways of behaving due to their environment (McGuire, 2003).Many intervention plans include this type of treatment, sometimes coupled with psychiatric treatments (Jones, Chancey, Lowe & Risler, 2010). Cognitive behavioural techniques encourage offenders to think through a situation, instead of ensuing their immediate response. A reaction that can often be impetuous and self-centered attitudes that increase the likelihood of anti-social behavior (McGuire, 2003). In cognitive behavioural therapy an of fenders learning is conditioned, they are trained to eradicate maladaptive actions (McGuire, 2003).Cognitive, rehabilitation or intervention programs aim to bring changes to youth offenders (Jones et al. , 2010). Young adults, who spend time incarcerated, carry with them a high likelihood of recidivism when they return from correctional facilities and attempt to transition back into society, (James, Stams, Asscher, De Roo &Van der Laan, 2013). Research has provided a variety of reasons as too why juveniles find it so difficult when re engaging with society, one important reason explained by James et al,. 2013) is that not only are they coming to terms with the challenges of relocation from a juvenile facility back into every day life but they are doing this while simultaneously coping with the move from adolescents into adult hood. Helmond et al. , (2012) Discusses an intervention program constructed by cognitive-behavioural therapy called EQUIP, a program designed to communicate to young antisocial offenders who would be reintegrating into society, ways of acting and thinking responsibly. The EQUIP program is used in correctional facilities all over the world.EQUIP incorporates a positive peer culture in which parties want to support others due to developing feelings of responsibility for them. The main focus of EQUIP is to address mental misrepresentation, deficiencies, and social and moral skills (Helmond et al. , 2012). A private not-for-profit agency, Hillside in the US, is a provider of intervention services for mentally ill young people and their families or guardians (Jones et al. , 2010). This program includes community-based services and a residential treatment facility, which treats participants under a program called Interpersonal Skills Program (Jones et al. 2010). Treatment through this program includes structured framework, group therapy and individual therapy as well as family therapy (Jones et al. , 2010). Hillside’s program works on co gnitive behavioural treatment focusing on mental distortions, managing and assessing risk as well as avoiding situation leading to relapse (Jones et al. , 2010). For those adolescents in the justice system who require treatment for substance abuse, this can be a form of early intervention as offenders can be sent to juvenile drug court (Nissen & Pearce, 2011).Substance abuse treatment programs in collaboration with the juvenile justice system provide this method of intervention where youths are educated and put through an intensive program of rehabilitation as opposed to incarceration (Nissen & Pearce, 2011). High recidivism amidst adolescents has encouraged the government to provide funding from the government to develop and maintain re-integration as intervention, following the lack of success using probation-only in the attempt to prevent adolescents re-offending (Nissen & Pearce, 2011). James, et al. (2013), found that this type of program referred to as after care has had great success when starting a program during incarceration and when aimed at youths with a high risk of re-offending. Another successful after care program was developed by the Robert Wood Johnson foundation and is called Reclaiming Futures (Nissen & Pearce, 2011). The program Reclaiming Futures deploys affirmative youth development and leadership building and efforts on leadership expansion in the community, a community that can offer assistance to bridge life in incarceration to life in society through constructive growth activities (Nissen & Pearce, 2011).Something that Reclaiming Futures does well is bring together suitable intervention and the needs of the adolescent offenders, and this provides an empathetic network around young people with the result being rarer occasions of violations when in parole (Nissen & Pearce, 2011). Early interventions have been found to reduce the rate of recidivism when they target young offenders. As evidence suggests a career criminal is likely to beg in offending as a child, not suddenly as an adult.Therefore intervention that targets change of behaviours, physically and mentally at an early age, prove effective. Intervention is successful at an early age because medically, an individual’s brain does not stop developing until their late twenties. As a result, adolescents can react impulsively to situations, leading to antisocial and criminal behaviour then ultimately to prosecution. The chances of this situation arising are heightened in mentally ill youths however, by incorporating the various approaches of early intervention a program can be planned base on an individual needs assessment.This plan is determined by the offence committed, and requirements of the youth, and allows positive outcomes to be achieved. All research suggests that the affirmative results are the product of early interventions. References Buchen, L. (2012). Science in court : arrested development. Nature, 484(7394), 304-306. DOI:10. 1038/484304a E rickson, C. D. (2012). Using Systems of Care to Reduce Incarceration of Youth with Serious Mental Illness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49(3-4), 404–416. DOI 10. 1007/s10464-011-9484-4 Gibbs, J. C. , Potter, G.B. , Barriga, A. Q. & Liau, A. K. (1996). Developing the helping skills and prosocial motivation of aggressive adolescents in peer group programs. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1(3), 283-305. DOI:  10. 1016/1359-1789(95)00018-6   Helmond, P. , Overbeek, G. & Brugman, D. (2012). Program integrity and effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral intervention for incarcerated youth on cognitive distortions, social skills, and moral development. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(9),1720–1728. DOI:  10. 1016/j. childyouth. 2012. 05. 001 Hiday,  V. A. 1997). Understanding the connection between mental illness and violence. International journal of law and psychiatry, 20(4), 399-417. DOI:  10. 1016/S0160-2527(97)00028-9   Hollin, C. R. & Palm er, E. J. (2009). Cognitive skills programmes for offenders. Psychology, Crime & Law, 15(2-3), 147-164. DOI:http://dx. doi. org/10. 1080/10683160802190871   James, C. , Stams, G. J. J. M. , Asscher, J. J. , De Roo, A. K. & Van Der Laan, P. H. (2013). Aftercare programs for reducing recidivism among juvenile and young adult offenders: A meta-analytic review.Clinical Psychology Review, 33(2), 63–274. DOI:  10. 1016/j. cpr. 2012. 10. 013   Jones, C. D. , Chancey, R. , Lowe, A. & Risler, E. A. (2010). Residential Treatment for Sexually Abusive Youth: An Assessment of Treatment Outcomes. Research on Social Work Practice. 20(2), 172-182. DOI:http://dx. doi. org/10. 1177/1049731509333349     Markowitz, F. E. (2011). Mental illness, crime, and violence: Risk, context, and social control. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 16(1), 36–44. DOI:  10. 1016/j. avb. 2010. 10. 003   McGuire, J. (2003).Offender  Rehabilitation  and  Treatment  Effective Programmes an d Policies to Reduce Re-offending. Retrieved from http://www. swin. eblib. com. au. ezproxy. lib. swin. edu. au/patron/FullRecord. aspx? p=146239&echo=1&userid=znHAXBQDThLw9bSY1Xo67Q%3d%3d&tstamp=1358851968&id=4B65141F70B1486C0EA05198C182C8FA6D56A7DB Nissen, L. B. & Pearce, J. (2011). Exploring the implementation of justice-based alcohol and drug intervention strategies with juvenile offenders: Reclaiming Futures, enhanced adolescent substance abuse treatment, and juvenile drug courts.Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 60–65. DOI:  10. 1016/j. childyouth. 2011. 06. 014   Ou, S. ,& Reynolds, A. J. (2010). Childhood predictors of young adult male crime. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(8), 1097–1107. DOI:  10. 1016/j. childyouth. 2010. 02. 009   Sealock, M. D. & Manasse, M. (2012). An uneven playing field: The impact of strain and coping skills on treatment outcomes for juvenile offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(3), 238–248. DOI:  10. 1016/j. jcrimjus. 2012. 02. 002

Punctuation Essay

Punctuation is one of the most important aspects of written English, yet it is one taken the most lightly. And it changes meaning, gives a pause to the reader,and changes the tone of the voice when speaking. In all of the essays authors surprised me.They showed me what punctuations actually is, whats te importance of punctuations. as for example â€Å"Don’t stop† and â€Å"Don’t, stop† do both of them are same? No, just a comma changed full meaning. This is how the essays impressed me. â€Å"The comma is a flashing yellow light that asks us only to slow down† this line has been taken from the essay â€Å"In Priase of the Humble Comma† paragraph no.2 line no.5, this is the line which gives all the description about Comma. Like this in every essays they described each punctuations in this way, which I was hoping to. This essays has changed my view of how to see puntuations. Before I didn’t cared that much about punctuations, but now I got a clear information about punctuations.And I came to know that to convey a correct message and write a good piece of English I must use punctuations. â€Å"The relationship with my father in Winnipeg has became more personal than it had been with the alternating saturday father-son telephone call.Because of its brief nature every single character is an enormous significance.† this lines has been taken from the essay â€Å"The Impotance of Email Punctuation: A Cautionary Tale† paragraph no.2 line no.9, this lines makes me understand that punctuations played a great role to make their son-father relation stronger which serves to an emotional investment. These essays made me felt ’emotionally invested’ because it can grow a stronger relation between two person which is really a important thing in this society and these essays made me understand impotance of punctuation too.

Why They Merged and Why the Merger Was Unsuccessful

In 1997 University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) merged its two public hospitals with Stanford’s two private hospitals. The two separate entities merged together to create a not-for-profit organization titled UCSF Stanford Health Care. The merger between the health systems at UCSF and Stanford seemed like a good idea due to the similar missions, proximity of institutions, increased financial pressure with cutbacks in Medicare reimbursements followed by a dramatic increase in managed care organizations.The first year UCSF Stanford Health Care produced a profit of $22 million, however three years later the health system had lost a total of $176 million (â€Å"UCSF-Stanford Merger,† n. d. ). The first part of this paper will address reasons why the two institutions decided to pursue the merger by looking through the theoretical lens of bounded rationality, prospect theory and resource dependence theory (RDT). The second half of the paper will purpose reasons why the merger was unsuccessful by considering key concepts in organizational behavior such as power and culture.The threatening and uncertain fiscal times led the leaders to select the option that they believed maximized their chances for survival. The theory of bounded rationality, proposed by Herbert A. Simon, suggests that people are largely limited by time, information and cognitive limitations(Simon, 1997). The merger between the two medical schools seemed to make sense, both institutions shared a common mission of treating the uninsured, training the next generation of innovative doctors, and remain at the forefront of breaking research and technology.Since both were going to be competing for increasingly scarce resources, joining forces made sense. Together they would be able to reduce spending on administrative costs, and better prepared to negotiate contacts with large insurance companies(â€Å"UCSF-Stanford Merger,† n. d. ). Simon suggests that people, bounded by time, cog nitive ability and information, are more likely to make satisfactory decisions rather than optimal ones(Simon, 1997).Instead of focusing time and energy outlining potential ways to remain separate amongst the shifting payment structure UCSF and Stanford, both limited by time and fearful of the potential losses, agreed to merge. The merger was UCSF and Stanford’s way to mitigate risk and manage uncertainty. Prospect theory is a behavioral economic theory developed by Daniel Kahneman that holds that people are more likely to take higher risks when decisions are framed in negative terms(Kahneman & Tversky, 1979). Although mergers are complex and risky the looming fear of decreased reimbursements made the leaders focus on the benefits of merging.Kahneman argues that people do not base their decisions on final outcomes, instead they base their decisions on the potential value of losses and gains(Kahneman & Tversky, 1979). Instead of analyzing the risk of the merger, leadership foc used on the more pressing burden, the bottom line. To stay alive in the era of managed care, university hospitals across the country were seeking mergers with private hospitals. Calculations showed that hospitals lost $4 million annually for each 1 percent drop in indemnity patient population(Etten, 1999).Since the 1990’s, indemnity insurance was on a drastic decline in San Francisco opening the market for managed care organizations(Etten, 1999). RDT looks at how the behavior of organizations is affected by their external resources. The theory, brought about in the 1970s, addresses organizations demand for resources, resources and power are directly linked(Pfeffer & Salancik, 2003). RDT holds that organizations depend on resources thus the idea of merging, due to increasing resource scarcity, appealed to both institutions(Pfeffer & Salancik, 2003).On paper, the merger between these two institutions made sense – both institutions were close to one another and competing for diminishing resources. Together they could reduce administrative costs and join forces to negotiate with large insurance companies. The need to create a new culture and dissolve historically existent power struggles were two large tasks that needed to be addressed in order to ensure a successful merger. However, the way in which the merger was organized did not lead to a successful merger.UCSF Health Care did not spend adequate time creating a shared culture in which the two organizations would see one joint organization with shared power (resources). On paper both organizations agreed to share power, however both parties behavior showed otherwise. Dr. Rizk Norman, co-chair of the combined physician group of UCSF and Stanford faculty, attests that neither institution was ever comfortable enough to share financial information(â€Å"UCSF, Stanford hospitals just too different,† n. d. ). UCSF did not fully disclose their fiscal concerns regarding one of their sinking hospita ls, while Stanford was also guilty of ithholding information (â€Å"UCSF, Stanford hospitals just too different,† n. d. ). Merging into one should eliminate the sense of two separate entities, however not enough was done to shape the merger in such a way that facility and staff felt like equal partners. Loyalties existed within the organization, beginning at the top with the Board of Directors. Structurally the board was split between seven Stanford board members and seven USCF board members and three non partisan members, however loyalties to ones particular institution never dissolved(â€Å"UCSF-Stanford Merger,† n. d. ).As outlined, RDT, holds that organizations depend on resources, which originate from their environment. Resources are an organizations power used to compete in their environment. The two health systems shared an environment, thus competed with one another for power (resources) (â€Å"UCSF-Stanford Merger,† n. d. ). Because Stanford was a for-p rofit organization, they held more fiscal power over UCSF. Pfeffer and Salancik argue that the way to solve problems of uncertainty and interdependence is to increase coordination, more specifically, to increase shared control of each other’s activities(Pfeffer & Salancik, 2003).Had the two institutions worked from the beginning to increase coordination and communication between both institutions the merger may have more changes in succeeding. Increased coordination between the two institutions could have lead to the creation of a strong culture. Culture is the shared belief, expectations and values shared by members of an organization. (â€Å"Leading by Leveraging Culture – Harvard Business Review,† n. d. ). Employing a new culture starts from the top, management must model in accordance with the new culture.This was not done at UCSF Stanford Health Care due to existing loyalties. Adding to the culture struggle, the institutions were far enough away from one an other to merit concern. For an organization to flow smoothly, clear communication channels need to be established. Without open communication and collaboration a shared culture cannot emerge. Weak cultures harm the workplace by increasing inefficiencies that lead to increased costs. UCSF Health Care model from the top down to create a shared culture.Had leadership spent adequate time addressing ways to dissolve existing power struggles, and creating a shared culture that would set the foundation to achieve a new-shared vision, the merger could have been successful. Engaging leaders in creating a strategic plan to merge two separate existing cultures would have encouraged them to show support and dissolve power struggles. Shared resources, open communication and a culture of oneness may have set the foundation for a successful merger between the two organizations. References Etten, P. V. (1999). Camelot or common sense? The logic behind the UCSF/Stanford merger.Health Affairs, 18(2), 143–148. doi:10. 1377/hlthaff. 18. 2. 143 Kahneman, D. , & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263. doi:10. 2307/1914185 Leading by Leveraging Culture – Harvard Business Review. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 16, 2012, from http://hbr. org/product/leading-by-leveraging-culture/an/CMR260-PDF-ENG Pfeffer, J. , & Salancik, G. (2003). The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. Stanford University Press. Simon, H. A. (1997). Models of Bounded Rationality, Vol. 3: Emperically Grounded Economic Reason.The MIT Press. UCSF-Stanford Merger: A Promising Venture. (n. d. ). SFGate. Retrieved October 16, 2012, from http://www. sfgate. com/opinion/article/UCSF-Stanford-Merger-A-Promising-Venture-2975174. php#src=fb UCSF, Stanford hospitals just too different. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 16, 2012, from http://www. paloaltoonline. com/weekly/morgue/news/1999_Nov_3. HOSP03. html ——â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Fall 16 PM 827 A1 Strategic Management Of Healthcare Organizations UCSF Stanford Healthcare – Why They Merged and Why The Merger Was Unsuccessful Sofia Gabriela Walton Mini Exam #1 08

Humanistic Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Humanistic Approach - Essay Example The last thing is that embracing corporate responsibilities is crucial in strengthening and maintaining an ongoing relationship with the stakeholders. According to Murray, Constantinos, and Robert (12), it is appropriate to apply human approach in business context where dignity and respect of every individual is the foundation that builds and maintains interpersonal interaction. This approach helps the management to embrace every individual in the organization regardless of where he comes from or what he owns. The integration of ethical reflection into the business is the key process from which effective and quality decisions are made. The solitary managerial decision on where an action is ethically sound depends on the humanistic approach to management. However, the approach may not be appropriate in providing excessive freedom. It is important to note that, the humanistic theory make some assumptions about human nature, which are not accepted as solid or complete. One cannot adequa tely argue that every individual should be given freedom to choose what he wants or not. This is because some people may make negative choices even when right solutions are staring at them. These facts plague the humanistic approach to management and therefore establish the need to offer sufficient guidance for positive change to occur. Still, it may not be appropriate when managers are mean and misunderstand how their employees perform their assigned duties. When managers treat their employees like this, they get depressed and sad and thus become unproductive in the workplace. Since humanistic approach to management is based on the self and client centred therapy, then it benefits people to discover and identify their personal capacity that stimulates self-assessment and self-development. This approach creates a ground for people to understand their strengths and work hard to improve on their weaknesses. However, this approach requires people to understand the root of their problem before building or fixing the solution. With this, this approach may not perfectly work for everyone since some people may be threatened and challenged to find out the root cause of their problems. Still, this approach regards that human beings must understand that they are hold responsible of their lives. For instance, some people may not be ready to take on personal responsibility and thus becomes hard to dictate their lives. What is meant by not crossing the line in the humanistic approach is that you can hang out for lunch and have fun with with a manager or co-workers, but when it comes to work there is respect and dignity. In other words, crossing the line means doing what should be done at the tight time, place, and time. For instance, work should be done excellently and when out for lunch one should have fun to the fullest. Friendship should be maintained but this should not create any room for laziness or low performance in the work place (Murray, Constantinos, and Robert 22). The main advantage of humanistic over the quantitative approach to management is that, humanistic approach creates a strong ground for employers or managers to know their employees and what they can accomplish. Unlike the quantitative approach, the humanistic approach takes into account fulfilling psychological, emotional, and basic needs to promote a healthy

Cyperethics-copyrights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cyperethics-copyrights - Essay Example It is also immoral. Or is it? There is not a doubt that there are substantial harms that might come through the illegal downloading of music - for one, illegal downloading takes money out of the pocket of recording artists, and it might stifle innovation and growth in the industry. But, on the other hand, it is more morally complex and ambiguous than might be on the surface. It can be compared to white collar crime, in that there are diffuse victims, diffuse perpetrators, and it is difficult to know exactly who is being harmed by it. Also, illegally downloading music is not necessarily in violation of social norms, as so many people do it, therefore one basis for morality, social norms, is not necessarily a basis for the censure on illegal downloading. Finally, the record companies do not have clean hands, as they are known to take advantage of artists because of unequal bargaining power, such that some successful recording artists end up in bankruptcy court because the contract term s were so onerous that these artists got little out of it. Illegally downloading music might hurt the recording industry, but they hurt artists, so, in essence, illegally downloading music is giving them a taste of their own medicine. ... And, illegally downloading music has a lot in common with white collar crime, which might include extortion, false statements, fraud, tax evasion and the like. According to Green (2004), white collar crime does not necessarily have the same degree of moral unambiguity as do other crimes, such as robbery, rape and murder. The white collar crime might not be morally wrong, according to Green (2004), because the behavior that is conducted is considered to be more or less acceptable in the realm that it is performed, which means that these crimes have a certain level of moral ambiguity about them. In fact, there are ten factors which he states he associates with moral ambiguity, in the context of white collar crime. One is that there are cases which distinguish between criminality and merely aggressive behavior. For instance, some kind of alleged extortion might be considered to be hardball negotiating, and nothing more. Another is that there is morally ambiguity in inchoate offenses, wh ich means that there is liability for offenses that haven't quite been completed. There is also an issue of overcriminalization, according to Green (2004), and this, perhaps, is most pertinent to the issue of the illegal downloading of music. Overcriminalization refers to offenses that a great percentage of society does not necessarily see as wrong. Green (2004) argues that how a society views a certain offense matters – that society might think that certain things are unambiguous and worthy of censure, no matter the context – this would encompass things like stealing or rape or other kinds of crimes where people are hurt. But society, according to Green (2004) does not

Charlotte Perkins Gilmanin The Yellow Wallpaper Essay

Charlotte Perkins Gilmanin The Yellow Wallpaper - Essay Example The same opposition can also be read in The Yellow Wallpaper when the narrator objected to the treatment by writing: â€Å"But I don't want to go there at all. I had a friend who was in his hands once, and she says he is just like John and my brother, only more so!† Because she objected to the physician’s advice and treatment, Charlotte Perkins Gilman found herself recovering from her illness. Soon enough, she wrote the â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† in 1892 as a way of â€Å"rejoicing by the narrow escape† and â€Å"to reach Dr. S. Weir Mitchell and convince him of the error of his ways†. She admitted that she was â€Å"helped by a wise friend† to abandon the treatment and continue with her work. Later, in The Yellow Wallpaper, she described this person in the form of a woman who â€Å"creeps† behind the yellow wallpaper which enabled her to sink deeper into madness or liberation from her current condition. While there are feminist ideal s reflected in the story, it is mostly because of her experiences having grown up with women who thought of liberal ideas. For Gilman, the goal was to publicize the conditions of women suffering from postpartum depression during her time. The parallelism of Gilman’s life to that of the narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper a testament that biographical interpretations of fictional works remain to be relevant because readers are able to have a closer interpretation of the writer's original intention in writing the story.

Housing Services Delivery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Housing Services Delivery - Essay Example The change of social housing organizations was hastened by a number of political, economical, and social factors. The first group of political accelerators comprises of governmental policies and regulations aimed at the increase of private housing in the UK. In the post-WWII period the housing policy of the UK government was focused on rebuilding, and providing new homes for the population. However, three reasons were hindering rebuilding processes: first, the government could only spend on housing what the country could afford; second, governmental investments in housing policy required better targeting on the neediest classes of population; and third, the efficient use of public spending were ought to be achieved through drawing in private funding (Collier and Luther, 2002). Thatcher's conservative policy on housing included two main phases: the extension of home ownership and the privatisation of rented housing. Through the increase of private housing among the population the gove rnment was able to focus on social groups, which could not afford to buy a house. Tax incentives, efficiency agenda, and right to buy policy was the next step to increase home ownership among the population: "The rights of council tenants and, later some housing association tenants, to buy their homes under the Right to Buy and Right to Acquire policies has enabled significant numbers of people (over 2 million) become owner occupiers" (Shelter, 2005). Nevertheless it had a negative impact on the supply of affordable housing for rent in many UK regions, "where the provision of new affordable homes has failed to keep pace with the numbers being lost through sales" (Shelter, 2005). The new problem has arisen: in 2002 Britain saw the lowest number of new houses built(measured in starts) since the end of World War II (Cameron, 2003). The housing supply was short, but moreover it mismatched the demand in the cities and regions. Thus, along with the stimulation of private housing governmental policies have created several obstacles on the development of UK housing marke t. Economic Factors Economical factors that lead to the shift from the welfare to contractual resource management in the housing industry identified in the literature are connected to further development of globalization. The success of Western economy, and the spread of the US way of life has entailed the rapid development of private sector in housing. It also has another effect. World Trade Organisation not only reduces barriers to international trade, but also increases the commercial exploitation of public services, including social housing. Pollock and Price (2000) indicate that market-orientated policies including privatisation of public service infrastructure through public-private partnerships is a part of a larger trend of privatization, and redefining of public goods as private responsibilities. The hopes of WTO are concerned with the commercial exploitation of public funding streams, and promoting the commercial interests of transnational corporations. Promotion of privatisation leads to the increase of competition among housing organisations as transatlantic players enter the housing market of the UK (Pollock and Price, 2000). On the one side it allows government to reduce funding to minimal, allowing private owners

Waste Management Practices for Domestic Waste in China and the UK Essay

Waste Management Practices for Domestic Waste in China and the UK - Essay Example Waste management is a complicated discipline, especially in highly populated countries such as China and the UK, where having a system that controls waste reduction is almost impossible. Some people throw a lot of waste, some recycle, but at the end of the day, the waste has to be discarded. However, waste management is not limited to public education, recycling, and environmental education, and waste reduction, garbage collection, composting landfill maintenance, government regulation, data analysis and public relations. In largely populated countries, staff is required to learn new strategies for advancing and adapting techniques of waste diversion, collection and disposal and complying with administration regulations. In major countries such as the UK and China, there are programs responsible for ensuring that all waste material is well regulated and does not affect the environment. There are several measures that the two countries use to ensure that domestic waste management is u nder control, and in some of these measures, there are some similarities and differences in the steps taken. Comparison China and UK have similar issues regarding sold waste management; for example, there is lack of consistent and reliable waste cost management, and quantity data make arranging for waste management policies difficult. This is because the two countries are densely populated especially in major cities (Shaw & Hawkins 2004, p. 97). The waste quantities in the two countries are also raising at an alarming rate with dramatic change in composition and negligible waste reduction efforts. Waste management affects every person who lives in the city, and the higher the population, the more solid waste will be expected in the same city and, if not well controlled, environmental pollution will be massive and out of control. The UK and China lack consistent decision-making processes especially for strategic policy and planning toward technology selection for waste management, co st recovery, classified segment involvement, contribution to the planning process and insufficient public access to information on how to recycle or reduce waste products (Ellis 1999, p. 115) . China and UK are both trying to come up with solutions of managing solid waste in their major cities and they are coming up with reviews and reports that work to improve the performance. They have come up with landfills that are classified depending on the kind of waste. For example, waste is classified as either degradable or non-degradable (Ellis 1999, p. 86). Both countries are trying to come up with successful waste management schemes and have willing participants to care for the environment. For example, in UK, there is the W12A landfill site opened in 1977, which is a well managed and designed waste management dumping area. It was expected to serve the city for at least 15 years with approval from the UK government body for waste dumping (C. Judd & S. Judd 2011, p. 202). However, operat ions in both countries do not convene design standards, especially in pollution management; where waste collection procedures are frequently not rationalized. Allocation of finances for waste management in the two countries has been difficult because there are inadequate tipping fees and user charges. Protecting the air has been an important aspect in China and the UK with both countries collecting and destroying landfill gas to decrease greenhouse gas discharge and potential stenches (Neubert & Dyck 2008, p. 112). After decomposing, garbage produces unpleasant smells and gases, one of them being methane, which increase global warming more than carbon dioxide does. In the two countries, gases are

Evidence, Proof and argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Evidence, Proof and argument - Essay Example As the jury, it is your duty to decide fairly, dispassionately and impartially based on the evidence presented by the prosecution4 since the burden of proving the guilt of defendant Duncan lies with the prosecution5 and owing to this stringent requirement, its case must stand and fall on its own merits. The prosecution cannot assert that the evidence for the defence is weak. Any claim therefore by the prosecution that this defendant has not established a valid defence should not be entertained. I would like to emphasize that the duty to prove the guilt of this defendant is the sole responsibility of the prosecution6. This defendant need not do anything since the law presumes his innocence until proven otherwise. However, Members of the jury, I would likewise caution you that the proof required of the prosecution is not absolute certainty that this defendant has committed the grievous act he is accused of. The prosecution is simply required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt(fn-case) that this defendant is guilty. Judgment beyond a reasonable doubt simply requires moral certainty that this defendant committed the offence charged. ... With that as a backdrop, let us proceed with the task at hand. This defendant is indicted for the murder of Simon Chapman by allegedly plunging the knife into the victim’s heart with intent to hurt and cause him serious harm. The death of Simon Chapman allegedly resulted from the acts of this defendant who was then 15 years old. Allow me, Members of the Jury to walk you through the undisputed facts—the decedent, Simon Chapman and his friend Christopher Jones (Jones) were sitting in a coach aboard a train late at night when two boys, defendant Duncan Moore and David Parker (David) were smoking and running about the train passing from one carriage to another. Christopher Jones chided the boys for smoking and to which they replied to â€Å"fuck off†. At this point, David—the younger of the two—decided to pester Jones by grabbing his briefcase. A commotion ensued where Jones pushed David who retaliated with a punch landing on the Jones’ face. As Jones was about to hit David again, Duncan intervened. The ruckus is now between Jones and Duncan. They were throwing punches at each other when decedent Chapman arose from his sleep and seeing that Jones was being hit by Duncan, he, in turn, struck Duncan with his umbrella. Duncan fell on his back and decedent Chapman straddled him, the two went on throwing punches against each other when the fracas stopped. Decedent Chapman was stabbed with the use of a kitchen knife. Thereafter, two boys alighted on the next train stop. Based on this undisputed facts, you shall decide if this defendant stabbed the victim or is there a probability that somebody else on that train who could be the culprit. Before we move on to the evidence presented by either side, it is important that I discuss the

Evidence Based Practice Essay Example for Free

Evidence Based Practice Essay To achieve a high quality of healthcare and to keep up with the increasing pace of clinical advances in the field of midwifery, using women’s experiences and statistics within evidence based practice is probably the best research evidence. Evidence based practice is ‘The conscientious and judicious use of current best evidence in conjunction with clinical expertise and patient values to guide health (and social) care decisions’. (Sackett et al 2000). The main aims of this assignment are to outline what qualitative and quantitative data are, how they are used in evidence based practice and to outline the key differences between these two methods. Two research papers, on qualitative and one quantitative will also be compared with respect to the key methodological differences used within the papers. Qualitative research looks to explore a particular subject or question more in depth and is often used to research into a topic where there is unknown information. This type of research is more useful when answers are needed to what, how and why and when in-depth questions need to be answered and they cannot be done numerically. The researcher is looking to develop an in-depth understanding of this topic. Qualitative research uses small sample groups and the methods of collecting the information are often open ended questions in the form of in-depth interviews and focus groups. The participants used have generally had exposure to the phenomenon in the particular study. Qualitative research is less numerically measurable and results are often exposed as themes or trends presented in a narrative. Qualitative research’s aim is subjective. Quantitative research looks to measure data within a study. It is only used when this data can be collected numerically. The sample size with this research is large and the researcher has no involvement with the participant making the research objective. Quantitative research uses structured closed question design and the results are expressed as numbers and statistics in graphs and tables. Within each research problem there is a process which is followed. The research process starts with a general problem, topic or issue. Within quantitative research the aims or objectives are generally associated  between the relationships of two or more variables. In qualitative research the aim is usually to gather a better understanding of the experiences of the subject area, a deeper knowledge so to speak. The research design with qualitative research is non structured, flexible and always non experimental designs. To select the participants within the research a technique called sampling is used. The qualitative sample size is often smaller and non-probability or a non-random sampling approach is used whereas with quantitative a larger more representative sample is used and the probability or the random technique is favoured. The findings are collected in a process called data collection with qualitative research they are typically textual unstructured interviews and open ended questions and with quantitative research the collection is systematic and structured often questionnaires or surveys with closed questions. The data is analysed using thematic analysis techniques for qualitative research and statistical analysis for quantitative research. The results or findings are then presented for qualitative research in a narrative form that is typically supported with direct quotes to illustrate the main points and themes from the data sources and with quantitative research statistics and graphs are presented in tables and graphs. The qualitative research paper is titled ‘Nobody actually tells you: a study of infant feeding’ and it is researching the infant feeding decision making process. The sampling size of the study is 21 and the women have been purposively sampled from a group of women known to have low breast feeding rates. These women were low class, low educational level, living in Tower Hamlets and Hackney in the United Kingdom and expecting their first baby. The women were told the research was about choices women make whilst looking after their first baby but the agenda was later declared. The research design used was a semi structured interview which was developed from four piloted interviews. The women had a choice of where the interview took place, all but three were interviewed in the home and a partner or relative could be present. The women were interviewed on two occasions, once early in pregnancy and then again in six to ten weeks after birth, using the grounded theory which understands and interprets peoples experiences, developing a theory that has been grounded from the data. The framework method of data  analysis was applied systematically using categories and themes identified by reading the transcripts. Nineteen women were reinterviewed at 6-10 weeks as two women had moved away, then the nineteen women remaining were sent a synopsis of their individual case analysis, feedback was received from elven women. The transcripts were analysed and cross checked using data from different sources with the results of the research presented in table form, one with the feeding outcomes and also a box with reasons for women being silent and not seeking help with postnatal difficulties. Also direct quotes from the women are presented in the research outlining some of the main themes of the subject discussed. The quantitative paper is about looking at preconception risks presented when there is a negative pregnancy test. It is a care programme which has been set up to help women who want to become pregnant by giving advice to the women who present with these certain risk factors. The potential to assist women is known as the hypothesis, the risk factors are known as the independent variables with pregnancy being the dependent variable. An experimental method was used with randomised controlled trial which is where the participants are allocated by random allocation into two or more groups. The study was longitudinal because the data was collected over time approximately two years and two months. From the 1570 pregnancy tests 1106 were negative to which 262 women were approached. A registered nurse approached the women who had produced the negative pregnancy tests; the nurse was experienced in family planning and contacted the women within certain hours. The preconception risk assessment w as then offered to 170 women. With a flip of a coin done so by the registered nurse the participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group or a usual care group. The women within the usual care group and the clinician for this group received no feedback. Whereas the women in the intervention group were told of the risks identified and were given an appointment with a clinician. Preconception Risk Surveys (PRS) were given out to all women by a research assistant who was blinded to the group assignment. The PRS was defined as a screening tool to assess being ready for pregnancy and to identify any medical and psychosocial risk factors. The survey took approximately twenty-five minutes to complete. The women in the usual care group were  offered appointments for a family planning visit to discuss the risks and the women in the intervention group received a booklet. Each woman was contacted via a telephone call a year on to ask whether the clinicians had tackled the risks identified and whether the women had become pregnant. The rates of intervention between these two groups were compared and these differences were first analysed using intent to treat design. Subgroup analysis was also conducted which was only done on the women who had visited at least once during the follow up year. The results were presented in numerical tables and pie charts. When the groups were compared when there was at least one risk addressed there were no significant differences. But for the usual care and intervention groups combined the risk categories varied considerably combined with the chance of a risk being addressed. It can be concluded that evidence based practice is an important tool to use when there is a need to achieve a high quality of health care. Evidence based practice enables the researcher to get what they require using the current and best evidence available. Depending on what information is required and from what sample size and the questions needed to be asked then depends on what research method is used, be it qualitative or quantitative research. One criticism of the qualitative research paper could be the sample size used, there were only twenty one women used over a period of time with two dropping out so if any more had dropped out there would have been a low transferability. Also from this small sample it could be difficult to be systematic comparisons as well as some of the feedback could be the researcher’s interpretation. The paper did bring out key points amongst women but it’s the analysing of this data that could be difficult as women use different languages and with the open ended questions asked there will be a lot of talk to bring together into set themes although some common themes were found. In the quantitative research paper there was a very large sample used with different variable which didn’t have a great impact on the end results. In the majority of women the risks were not addressed so if there was further research in the future this should demonstrate some ways to help and motivate both clinicians and women to address the preconception risks and interventions should be initiated to lower the risk status.

Book Review Of Sugar and Slaves

Book Review Of Sugar and Slaves The story Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies paints a clear picture of the English life in the Caribbean about four centuries ago. Using a variety of sources available, Richard Dunn explores the origin and the development of the plantation slave society in the region. He focuses on the sugar production techniques, the violent nature of the slave trade, the hurdles faced in introducing and adapting English culture in the tropics, and the disgusting mortality rates for both blacks and whites enriched these colonies. A summary of the book The narration begins in 1624, when the English took control of the tiny island of St. Christopher. From that lonely outpost emerged a cohesive and potent master class of tobacco and sugar planters that spread to Barbados, Nevis, Montserrat, Antigua, and Jamaica. The book vividly portrays how the English planters created a living hell in a Caribbean Garden of Eden and how they accommodated themselves to the human wreckage involved in turning the islands into highly successful sugar-producing colonies. An analysis of the book The author brings to light the plight the natives of the Caribbean had to endure when the English invaded and conquered the islands. He points out cases of rape, forced labor, displacement from ones homes and deculturalization. The English ruled this colony with brutality. At the books beginning, the author points out how the early English planters made their beautiful islands almost uninhabitable on page (xxiii). Midway through his story, he expresses he highlights that it is appalling and distressing that from New England to Virginia to Jamaica, the English planters in seventeenth-century America developed the habit of murdering the soil for a few quick crops and then moving along. On the sugar plantations, unhappily, they also murdered the slaves on page (223). Most tragic is his exacting account of how English colonizers turned their small islands into amazingly effective sugar-production machines, manned by armies of black slaves (xxi) and how this altered English cultural value s, and ideas. In the authors perspective, this is a dejecting story of human degradation; brutalilizing Africans, and of the self-brutalization of the English planters and overseers. He sums up by writing that the English sugar islands, were disastrous social failures by the early eighteenth century on page (340), expressing his contempt for the sugar planters. The brutal treatment the enslaved Africans went through had to trigger some form resistance to the British planters ways as the author highlights on page (256) of the book by writing The acid test of any slave system, writes Dunn, is the frequency and ferocity of resistance by slaves . However, even in Jamaica, Britains most rebellious colony, African revolts had little effect in bringing an end to slavery. Much more important in destabilizing the British death-dealing sugar economy were hurricanes, earthquakes, malaria epidemics, and French mercenaries. Ironically the authors points out that, the English planters, who treated their slaves with such contemptuous inhumanity, were rescued time and again from disaster by the compassionate generosity of the Negroes (262). He goes on to argue that, the enslaved Africans lived indefinably difficult lives, dying prematurely, their attempts to resist brutalization were exercises in futility, and in the end awaiting redemption from of the Bri tish oppressors. This is a very saddening experience. The question of objectivity can be pointed out in regard to the authors judgment in this book. Richard Dunn seems to be outraged and impatient with mans inhumanity to man, with unconscionable behavior, and quite pointedly with numerous inconsistencies of freedom-loving British planters making life a living hell on for Africans. In addition the author delineates the land owner ship and concentration of power. Land is owner by fewer individuals than before. The process began in Barbados with switch from small scale cotton and tobacco production to extensive sugar production in 1640s.Power too was vested in the hands of few belligerent British planters during this period. Moreover inherited ideas and values continued to matter in the British Caribbean but only in limited ways. The writer notes on page (264) that In their basic living arrangementsfood, clothing, and shelter-the early settlers, he explains, hung on to English customs. However the author only sees only cultural stubbornness or stupidity in clinging to English habits that did not conform to the tropics. They foolishly wore cool-weather garb, ate the wrong food, and built houses absurdly. In all other matters, the English planters tragically abandoned what might have rescued them from the human catastrophe they were creating: they rejected the idea of representative assemblies in order to convert the assemblies into platforms for the master class, sabotaged the militia system because it interfered with sugar production, censored religion in order to prevent slave unrest, made common law a mockery by withholding due process from three-fourths of the population, and discounted education. Illustrating how the English adapted painfully to the strange new tropical world they labored to control, The writer points out on page (40): Seventeenth-century Englishmen attuned their lives to the weather, to seasonal change, and to the annual cycle of birth, growth, maturity, and death. But in the West Indies, they found a year-round growing season, year-round summer, and year-round heat. They were used to a moderate climate: moderately warm, moderately cold, moderately rainy and moderately sunny. But in the tropics they had to adjust their eyes to brilliant sunlight, and a palette of splashing colors: vegetation startlingly green, fruits and flowers in flaming reds and yellows, the mountains in shimmering blues and greens, shading to deep purple, the moon and stars radiant and sparkling at night, and the encircling sea a spectrum of jeweled colors form cobalt to silver. They found the Caribbean atmosphere to be volatile: blazing heat suddenly relieved by refreshing showers, and soft caressing breezes capriciously dissolving into wild and terrifying storms. In climate, as in European power politics, the Indies lay beyo nd the line. The authors stylistic ingenuity especially his to paradoxically narrate and describe the happenings in the Caribbean during the tumultuous era of the British planters, broadens the readers analytical view of the English invaders who did not go to Virginia or Massachusetts but forced their way into their tiny islands. On pages (337-38) He writes: Despite . . . close contacts, the islanders rapidly diverged from the mainlanders, most particularly from the Puritan colonists in New England. . . . The New Englanders, through their numerous elective offices and frequent town meetings, encouraged (indeed almost required) every inhabitant to participate in public life, but in the Indies the big sugar planters completely dominated politics. . . . In New England the young were deferential to their elders, repressed their adolescent rebelliousness, and often waited into their thirties to marry and set up on their own, while in the islands there were no elders, the young were in control, and many a planter made his fortune and died by age thirty. In short, the Caribbean and New England planters were polar opposites; they represented the outer limits of English social expression in the seventeenth century. Conclusion This story clearly illustrates the dehumanizing experience the Africans in Caribbean had to endure at the hands of the English colonizers. The English planters did not only invade the Caribbean, they conquered every aspect of life the natives had. They did away with the culture, they rejected the idea of representation in the assemblies in order to convert the councils into platforms for the upper class, dismantled the militia system because it interfered with sugar production, censored religion in order to prevent slave unrest, made common law a mockery by withholding due process from  ¾ of the population, and discounted education. The story is same on the mind and lips of many Africans in the world over as it is an actual representation of the happenings in broad African society during the invasion and colonization era. The authors shock and dismay at the brutal treatment meted on the Africans in the Caribbean by the British is totally agreeable. It was dark period in the history of mankind although some have argued that the colonizers introduced civilization in the African society and I totally disagree. Their invasion did more harm if this story is anything to go by.

Pressure Ulcers: Reliability of Risk Assessment Tools

Pressure Ulcers: Reliability of Risk Assessment Tools The purpose of this assignment, is to identify a patient, under the care of the district nursing team, with a Grade 1 pressure ulcer, to their sacral area. To begin with, it will give a brief overview of the patient and their clinical history. Throughout the assignment the patient will be referred to as Mrs A, in order to protect the patients identity and maintain confidentiality, in accordance with the guidelines set out by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008). A brief description of a Grade 1 pressure ulcer will be given, along with a description of the steps taken in assessing the wound, using The Waterlow Scale (1985). This assignment will discuss the literature review that was carried out, along with other methods of research used, to gather vital information on wound care , such as the different classifications of wounds and the different risk assessment tools available. This assignment, will include brief overviews, of some the other commonly used pressure ulcer risk a ssessment tools, that are put to use by practitioners and how they compare to the Waterlow Scale. This assignment will also seek to highlight the importance of using a combination of clinical judgement, by carefully monitoring the patients physical and psychological conditions, alongside the at risk score calculated from the Waterlow Scale, in order to deliver holistic care to the patient. Mrs A is a 84 year old lady who has been referred to the district nurses by her General Practitioner, as he has concerns regarding her pressure areas . Following a recent fall she lost her confidence and is now house bound. She now spends more time in her chair as she has become nervous when mobilising around the house and in her garden. She has a history of high blood pressure and occasional angina for which she currently takes Nicorandil 30mg b.d. as prescribed by her General Practitioner , Nicorandil has been recognised as an aetiological aspect of non healing ulcers and wounds (Watson, 2002), this has to be taken into consideration during the assessment and throughout the management of her wound. Mrs A has no history of previous falls or problems with her balance. She has always been a confident and independent lady, with no current issues surrounding continence or diet. She has always enjoyed a large network of friends who visit her regularly. It is recommended by National Inst itute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) that patients should receive an Initial assessment (within the first 6 hours of inpatient care) and ongoing risk assessments and so referrals of this nature are seen on the day, if it is received if not within 24 hrs. In order to establish Mrs As current risk of developing a pressure area, an assessment must take place. An initial holistic assessment, looking at all contributing factors such as mobility, continence and nutrition will provide a baseline that will identify her level of risk as well as identifying any existing pressure damage. A pressure ulcer is defined as, a localised injury to the skin and / or underlying tissue usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure, or pressure in combination with shear. A number of contributing, or confounding factors, are also associated with pressure ulcers. According to the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP 2009), the significance of these factors, is yet to be elucidated. Mrs A is more vulnerable to pressure damage, as her skin has become more fragile and thinner with age (NICE 2005). There are risk factors associated to the integrity of the patients skin and also to the patients general health. Skin that is already damaged, has a higher incidence of developing a pressure ulcer, than that of healthy skin. Skin that becomes too dry, or is more moist due to possible incontinence, is also at higher risk of developing a pressure ulcer than healthy skin. An elderly persons skin is at increased risk, because it is more fragile and thinner than the skin of a younger person. Boore et al (1987) identified the following principles in caring for the skin to prevent pressure damage, skin should be kept clean and dry and not left to remain wet. The skin should also not be left to dry out to prevent any accidental damage . Due to Mrs A spending more time sitting in her chair, she has become at a higher risk of developing a pressure sore, as she is less mobile. The reason being It becomes difficult for the blood to circulate causing a lack of oxygen and nutrients to the tissue cells. Furthermore, the lymphatic system also begins to suffer and becomes unable, to properly remove waste products. If the pressure continues to increase and is not relieved by equipment or movement. The cells can begin to die, leaving an area of dead tissue resulting in pressure damage. Nelson et al (2009) states, pressure ulcers can cause patients functional limitations, emotional distress, and pain for persons affected. The development of pressure ulcers, in various healthcare settings, is often seen as a reflection of the quality of care which is being provided (Nakrem 2009). Pressure ulcer prevention is very important in everyday clinical practise, as pressure ulcer treatment is expensive and factors such as legal issues have become more important. EPAUP (2009) have recommended strategies, which include frequent repositioning the use of special support surfaces, o r providing nutritional support to be included in the prevention. In order to gather evidence based research, to support my assignment. I undertook a literature review of the Waterlow Scale and Classifications of Grade 1 pressure sores. The databases used were the Culmulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and OpenAthens. I used a variety of search terms including pressure sores, Grade 1 classification, Waterlow Scale, and How pressure sore risk assessment tools compare. Throughout the literature review the information was gathered from sources using a date range between the years of 2000 2011, although some references were found from sources of information that are from a much later date. This method of research ensured a plethora of articles and guidelines were collated and analysed. The trust guidelines in wound care were used, to show how we implement theory into practise in the community, using the wound care formulary. There was a vast amount of information available, as pressure area care is such a broad subject. The search criteria had to be narrowed down, in some cases to ensure the information gathered was relevant and not beyond the scope of the assignment. The evidence used throughout this assignment, is based on guidelines and recommendations given by NICE (2001), EPUAP (2001) and articles sourced from The Journal of Community Nursing (JCN). This was the most accurate information and guidance on pressure ulcer classifications and assessment although, some articles may not have been the most recent. The assessment tool used throughout my area of work, is the Waterlow Scale. The Waterlow Scale was developed by Judy Waterlow in 1985, while working as a clinical nurse teacher. It was originally designed for use by her student and is used to measure a patients risk of developing a pressure sore. It can also be used as a guide, for the ordering of effective pressure relieving equipment. All National Health Service (NHS) trusts have their own pressure ulcer prevention policy, or guidelines and practitioners are expected to use the risk assessment tool, specified in their trusts policy. NICE (2003), guidance states, that all trusts should have a pressure ulcer policy, which should include a pressure ulcer risk assessment tool. However, it reminds practitioners that the use of risk assessment tools, should be thought of as an aid to the clinical judgement of the practitioner. The use of the Waterlow tool enables, the nurse to assess each patient according to their individual risk of dev eloping pressure sores (Pancorbo-Hidalgo et al 2006). The scale illustrates a risk assessment scoring system and on the reverse side, provides information and guidance on wound assessment, dressings and preventative aids. There is information regarding pressure relieving equipment surrounding, the three levels of risk highlighted on the scale, and also provides guidance, concerning the nursing care given to patients. Although the Waterlow score is used in the community setting, when calculating the risk assessment score, it is vital that the nurse is aware of the difference in environment the tool was originally developed for. The tool uses a combination of core and external risk factors that contribute to the development of pressure ulcers. These are used to determine the risk level for an individual patient. The fundamental factors include disease, medication, malnourishment, age, dehydration / fluid status, lack of mobility, incontinence, skin condition and weight. The external factors, which refer to external influences which can cause skin distortion, include pressure, shearing forces, friction, and moisture. There is also a special risk section of the tool, which can be used if the patient is on certain medication or recently had surgery. This contributes to a holistic assessment of a patient and enables the practitioner to provide the most effective care and appropriate pressure relieving equipment. The score is calculated, by counting the scores given in each category, which apply to your patients current condition. Once these have been added up, you will have your at risk score. This will then ind icate the steps that need to be taken, in order to provide the appropriate level of care to the patient. Identification of a patients risk of developing a pressure sore is often considered the most important stage in pressure sore prevention (Davis 1994). During the assessment a skin inspection takes place of the most vulnerable areas of risk, typically these are heels, sacrum and parts of the body, where sheer or friction could take place. Elbows, shoulders, back of head and toes are also considered to be more vulnerable areas (NICE 2001). When using the Waterlow tool to assess Mrs As pressure risk, I found she had a score of 9. According to the Waterlow scoring system she is not considered as being at risk as her score is less than 10. As I had identified in my assessment, she had a score of 2, for her skin condition due to Grade 1 pressure ulcer to her sacrum. I felt it necessary, to highlight her as being at risk. A grade 1 pressure ulcer on her sacral area, maybe due to her recent loss of confidence and reduced mobility which has left Mrs A spending more time in her chair. Pressure ulcers are assessed and graded, according to the degree of damage to the tissue. The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP), classifies pressure ulcers based on the depth of the wound. There are four classifications (Category/Stage I through IV) of pressure damage. In addition to these, two other categories have been defined, unstageable pressure ulcers and deep tissue injury (EPUAP, 2009) Grade 1 pressure damage is defined, as a non-blanchable erythema of intact skin. Indicators can be, discolouration of the skin, warmth, oedema, induration or hardness, particularly in people with darker pigmentation (EPUAP, 2003). It is believed by some practitioners, that blanching erythema indicates Grade 1 pressure damage (Hitch 1995) although others suggest that, Grade 1 pressure damage is present, when there is non-blanching erythema (Maklebust and Margolis, 1995; Yarkony et al, 1990). The majority of practitioners, agree that temperature and colour play an important role, in identifying grade 1 pressure ulcers (EPUAP, 1999) and erythema, is a factor in alm ost all classifications (Lyder, 1991). The pressure damage usually occurs, over boney prominences (Barton and Barton 1981). The skin in a Grade 1 pressure ulcer, is not broken, but it requires protection and monitoring. At this stage, it will not be known how deep the pressure damage is, regular monitoring and assessment is essential. The pressure ulcer may fade, but if the damage is deeper than the superficial layers of the skin, this wound could eventually develop into a much deeper pressure ulcer over, the following days or weeks. A Grade 1 pressure ulcer, is classed as a wound and so I have commenced a wound care plan and also a pressure area care plan. I will also ensure, Mrs A has regular pressure area checks in order to prevent the area breaking down. The pressure area checks will take place weekly until the pressure relieving equipment arrives, this will then be reduced to 3 monthly checks. Dressings can be applied to a Grade 1 pressure ulcer. They should be simple and offer some level of protection. Also, to prevent any further skin damage a film dressing is often used, or a hydrocolloid to protect the wound area (EPAUP, 2009) . These dressings will assist in reducing further friction, or shearing, if these factors are involved. It is considered the best way to treat a wound, is to prevent it from ever occurring. Removing the existing external pressure, reducing any moisture, which can occur if the patient is incontinent and employing pressure relief devices, may contribute to wound healing. Along with adequate nutrition, hydration and addressing any underlying medical conditions. The advice given to practitioners, on the reverse of the Waterlow tool is to provide a 100mm foam cushion, if a patients risk score is above 10. As Mrs A has an at risk score of 9, with a Grade 1 pressure sore evident, I feel it appropriate to provide the pressure relieving mattress and cushion to prevent any further pressure damage developing. All individuals, assessed as being vulnerable to pressure ulcers should, as a minimum provision, be placed on a high specification foam mattress with pressure relieving properties (NICE, 2001). As I am providing a cushion and a mattress, it is not felt necessary to apply a dressing at this point. However, the area will need regular monitoring, as at this stage it is unknown how deep the pressure damage is. If proactive care is given in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers, with the use of risk assessments and providing pressure relieving resources, the pressure area may resolve. Pressure ulcers can be costly for the NHS, debilitating and painful for the patient. With basic and effective nursing care offered to the patients, this can often be the key to success. Bliss (2000) suggests that the majority of Grade I ulcers heal, or resolve without breaking down if pressure relief is put into place immediately. However, experiences in a clinical settings supports observations, that non-blanching erythema can often result in irreversible damage (James, 1998; Dailey, 1992). McGough (1999) during a literature search, highlighted 40 pressure ulcer risk assessment tools, but not all have be considered suitable, or reliable for all clinical environments. As there are many different patient groups this often results in a wide spectrum of different patient needs. The three most commonly used tools in the United Kingdom (U.K.) are, The Norton scale, The Braden Scale and The Waterlow Scale. The first pressure ulcer risk assessment tool was the Norton scale. It was devised by Doreen Norton in 1962. The tool was used for estimating a patients risk for developing pressure ulcers by giving the patient a rating from 1 to 4 on five different factors. A patients with a score of 14 or more, was identified as being at high risk. Initially, this tool was aimed at elderly patients and there is little evidence from research gathered over the years, to support its use outside of an elderly care setting. Due to increased research over the years, concerning the identification and risk of developing pressure ulcers, a modified version of the Norton scale was created in 1987. The Braden Scale was created in the mid 1980s, in America and based on a conceptual schema of aetiological factors. Tissue tolerance and pressure where identified, as being significant factors in pressure ulcer development. However, the validity of the Braden Scale is not considered to be high in all clinical areas (Capobianco and McDonald, 1996). However, EPAUP (2003) state The Braden Risk Assessment Scale is considered by many, to be the most valid and reliable scoring system for a wide age range of patients. The Waterlow Scale, first devised in 1987, identifies more risk factors than the Braden and the Norton Scale. However, even though it is used widely across the U.K., it has still be criticised for its ability to over predict risk and ultimately result in the misuse of resources (Edwards 1995; McGough, 1999). Although there are various tools, which have been developed to identify a patients individual risk, of developing pressure sores. The majority of scales have been developed, based on ad hoc opinions, of the importance of possible risk factors, according to the Effective Healthcare Bulletins (EHCB, 1995). The predictive validity of these tools, has also been challenged (Franks et al, 2003; Nixon and Mc Gough, 2001) suggesting they may over predict the risk, incurring expensive cost implications, as preventative equipment is put in place, when it may not always be necessary. Or they may under predict risk, so that someone assessed as not being at high risk develops a pressure ulcer. Although the Waterlow scoring system, now includes more objective measurements such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and weight loss after a recent update. It is still unknown, due to no published information, whether the inter-rater reliability of the tool, has been improved by these changes. It has been acknowled ged, that this is a fundamental flaw of these tools and due to this clinical judgement, must always support the decisions made by the results, of the risk assessment. This is clearly recognised by NICE, as they advise their use as an aide-mà ©moire (2001). The aim of Pressure ulcer risk assessment tools, is to measure and quantify pressure ulcer risk. To determine the quality of these measurements the evaluation of validity and reliability would usually take place. The validity and reliability limitations, of pressure ulcer risk tools are widely acknowledged. To overcome these problems, the solution that is recommended is to combine the scores of pressure ulcer risk tools, with clinical judgment (EPAUP 2009). This recommendation, which is often seen in the literature, unfortunately is inconsistent as Papanikolaou et al (2007) states: If pressure ulcer risk assessment tools have such limitations, what contribution can they make to our confidence in clinical judgment, other than prom pting us about the items, which should be considered when making such judgments?. Investigations of the validity and reliability, of pressure ulcer risk tools are important, in evaluating the quality, but they are not sufficient to judge their clinical value. In the research of pressure ulcer tools, there have been few attempts made to compare, the different pressure ulcer risk assessment strategies. Referring to literature until 2003, Pancorbo Hidalgo et al (2006) identified three studies, investigating the Norton scale compared to clinical judgment and the impact on pressure ulcer incidence. From these studies, it was concluded that there was no evidence, that the risk of pressure ulcer incidence was reduced by the use of the risk assessment tools. The Cochrane review (2008), set out to determine, whether the use of pressure ulcer risk assessment , in all health care settings , reduced the incidence of pressure ulcers. As no studies met the criteria, the authors have been unable to answer the review question. At present there is only weak evidence to support the validity, of pressure ulcer risk assessment scale tools and obtained scores contain varying amounts of measurement error. To improve our clinical practise, it is suggested that although tools such as the Waterlow Scale are used to distinguish a patients pressure ulcer risk, other investigations and tests, may need to be carried out to ensure a effective assessment is taking place. Practitioners may consider, various blood tests and more in depth history taking, including previous pressure damage and medications. Patients lifestyle and diet should also be taken into consideration and where appropriate, a nutritional assessment should be done if recent weight loss, or reduced appetite is evident. Nutritional assessment and screening tools are being used more readily and appear to be becoming more relevant in managing patients who are at risk of or have a pressure ulcer. The assessment tools should be reliable and valid, and as discussed previously with other risk assessment tools they should not replace clinical judgement. However, the use of nutritional assessment tools can help to bring the nutritional status of the patient to the attention of the practitioner, they should then consider nutrition when assessing the patients vulnerability to pressure ulcer development. The nutritional status of the patient should be updated and re-assessed at regular intervals following a assessment plan which is individual to the patient and includes an evaluation date. The condition of the individual will then allow the practitioner to decide how frequent the assessments will occur. The EPUAP (2003) recommends that as a minimum, assessment of nutritional status should include regu lar weighing of patients, skin assessment, documentation of food and fluid intake. As Mrs A currently has a balanced diet, it is not felt necessary to undertake, a nutritional assessment at this point. Her weight can be updated on each review visit, to assess any weight loss during each visit. If there is any deterioration in her condition, an assessment can be done when required. Continence should also be taken into consideration and where necessary a continence assessment should take place. Incontinence and pressure ulcers are common and often occur together. Patients who are incontinent are generally more likely to have difficulties with their mobility and elderly, both of which have a strong association with the development of pressure ulcers (Lyder, 2003). The education of staff, surrounding pressure ulcer management and prevention, is also very important. NICE (2001) suggest, that all health care professionals, should receive relevant training and education, in pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention. The information, skills and knowledge, gained from these training sessions, should then be cascaded down, to other members of the team. The training and education sessions, which are provided by the trust, are expected to cover a number of topics. These should include, risk factors for pressure ulcer development, skin assessment, and the selection of pressure equipment. Staff are also updated on policies, guidelines and the latest patient educational information (NICE 2001). Education of the patient, carers and family, is essential in order to achieve optimum pressure area care. Mrs A is encouraged to mobilise regularly, in order to relieve the pressure as a Grade 1 pressure sore has been identified, she is at a significant risk of developing a more severe ulcer. Interventions to prevent deterioration, are crucial at this point. It is thought, that this could prevent the pressure sore from developing into a Grade 2 or worse. NICE (2001) have suggested, that individuals vulnerable to or at elevated risk of developing pressure ulcers, who are able and willing, should be informed and educated about the risk assessment and resulting prevention strategies. NICE have devised a booklet for patients and relatives, called Pressure Ulcers Prevention and Treatment (NICE Clinical Guidance 29), which gives information and guidance on the treatment of pressure ulcers. It encourages patients to check their skin and change their position regularly. As a part of good practise, this booklet is given to Mrs A at the time of assessment, in order for her to develop some understanding of her pressure sore. This booklet is also given to the care givers or relatives so they can also gain understanding, regarding the care and prevention, of her pressure ulcer. An essential part of nursing documentation, is care planning. It demonstrates the care, that the individual patient requires and can be used to include patients and carers or relatives in the patients care. Involvement of the patient and their relative, or carer is advisable, as this could be invaluable, to the nurse planning the patients care. The National Health Service Modernisation Agency (NHSMA 2005) states clearly that person centred care is vital and that care planning involves negotiation, discussion and shared decision making, between the nurse and the patient. There were a number of improvements that I feel could have been made to the holistic care of Mrs A. I feel that one of the fundamental factors that needed to be considered , were the social needs of the patient. As I feel they are a large contributing factor, towards why the patient may have developed her pressure sore. The patient was previously known to be a very sociable lady, who gradually lost her confidence, resulting in her not leaving the house. There are various schemes and services available, which are provided by the local council or volunteer services, to enable the elderly or people unable to get around. For example, an option which could of been suggested to Mrs A are services such as Ring and Ride, or Werneth Communicare. Using these services or being involved in these types of schemes, may have empowered Mrs A to leave the house on a more regular basis. This would enable her to build up the confidence, she lost following her fall. This would have also lead to positive impact on the patients psychological care, as Mrs A would have been able to overcome her fears of leaving the house, enabling her to see friends and gain communications lost. As previously mentioned in this assignment, although Mrs A had a score of 9, which is not considered an at risk score. I still felt it necessary to act on this score, even though the wound was a not considered to be critical. If it is felt the patient is at a higher risk than that shown on the assessment tool, the practitioner should use their clinical judgement, to make crucial care decisions. It should also be considered, by the practitioner that risk assessment tools such as The Waterlow scale, may not have been developed, for their area of practise. Throughout the duration of Mrs As wound healing process, a holistic assessment of her pressure areas and general health assessment were carried and all relevant factors, were taken into consideration. The assessment tool used to assess her pressure areas, is th e most common tool used currently in practise and the tool recommended by the Trust. To conclude, there is evidence to prove that pressure ulcer risk assessment tools are useful, when used as a guide for the procurement of equipment. However, they cannot be relied upon solely to provide holistic care to a patient. It has been highlighted, that to ensure a holistic assessment of patients, it is necessary to complete a variety of assessments, to create a complete picture. Although The Waterlow scale covers a number of factors that need to be considered, throughout the assessment, it has become evident that the at risk score, can often be over or under scored depending on the practitioner. Clinical judgement has proved to be, a very important aspect of pressure ulcer prevention and treatment. The education of the patient, carer and relatives has also been highlighted, as an important aspect of care. Empowering the patient with information regarding their illness, may decrease the healing time and help prevent has further issues.

Personality Theories Essay -- essays research papers Freud Psychology

Personality Theories   Table of Contents Freud Jung Adler Rogers Maslow Humanistic strengths and weakness Psychodynamic strengths and weakness Some similarities of both Web Resources Freud Biography Biography Sigmund Freud was born May 6, 1856, in a small town -- Freiberg -- in Moravia. His father was a wool merchant with a keen mind and a good sense of humor. His mother was a lively woman, her husband's second wife and 20 years younger. She was 21 years old when she gave birth to her first son, her darling, Sigmund. Sigmund had two older half-brothers and six younger siblings. When he was four or five -- he wasn't sure -- the family moved to Vienna, where he lived most of his life. A brilliant child, always at the head of his class, he went to medical school, one of the few viable options for a bright Jewish boy in Vienna those days. There, he became involved in research under the direction of a physiology professor named Ernst Brà ¼cke. Brà ¼cke believed in what was then a popular, if radical, notion, which we now call reductionism: "No other forces than the common physical-chemical ones are active within the organism." Freud would spend many years trying to "reduce" personality to neurology, a cause he later gave up on. Freud was very good at his research, concentrating on neurophysiology, even inventing a special cell-staining technique. But only a limited number of positions were available, and there were others ahead of him. Brà ¼cke helped him to get a grant to study, first with the great psychiatrist Charcot in Paris, then with his rival Bernheim in Nancy. Both these gentlemen were investigating the use of hypnosis with hysterics. After spending a short time as a resident in neurology and director of a children's ward in Berlin, he came back to Vienna, married his fiancà ©e of many years Martha Bernays, and set up a practice in neuropsychiatry, with the help of Joseph Breuer. Freud's books and lectures brought him both fame and ostracism from the mainstream of the medical community. He drew around him a number of very bright sympathizers who became the core of the psychoanalytic movement. Unfortunately, Freud had a penchant for rejecting people who did not totally agree with him. Some separated from him on friendly terms; others did not, and went on to found competing schools of thought. Freud emigrated to England j... ... capacity for a psychologically healthy human evolutionary process. These theorists are upbeat and positive about life and seem to have genuine empathy and liking for their fellow humankind. There were also some large theoretical differences observed among the theorists. 1. When is personality fixed ? Adler argued basic personality was fixed at age five, and Jung thought that the thirties and forties were an important time of intense personality development. 2. What is the goal of the personality theorist ? Cattell was in the traditional "understand and control" camp of psychology, while Carl Rogers argued it is pathological to try to control other peoples behavior. 3. What is the role of the client during treatment ? Here, we have seen somewhat of an evolution in treatment philosophy. Early theorists such as Jung and Freud were very directive in their therapy, and controlled much of the interpretations of thoughts and behaviors. More recently, theorists have tried to make the cl ient a full partner in the research, even to the point of having the client suggest solutions. Web Resources www.webster.edu www.mccc.edu www.reference.com www.wynja.com www.rpi.edu classweb.gmu.edu

Essay --

THE JULIA GABRIEL ONLINE MEDIA BRAND VOICE Our brand voice captures our unique personality and shares it with the world. It distinguishes us from the others and informs them of everything we do, everything we write and everything we say. It’s how our audiences hear us and how they remember us, and it’s how we share our bold vision for the future. Good communication is more than what we say; it’s how we say it. While having an online social media presence is exciting, we need to remember that whichever platform we engage our audiences on, it becomes a brand media â€Å"storefront† that is open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. This constant connectivity makes it more important than ever for us maintain brand standards on social networks, as well as all forms of digital marketing. We need to remember that while interacting in social networks can provide efficient channels to communicate the uniqueness, value and personality of our brand to a very specific audience, there are expectations and responsibilities that Julia Gabriel Centres need to be aware of, to ensure that our brand is protected. The same considerations that apply to our messaging and communications in conventional media still apply in the online social media space. This means engaging our target audience with a consistent brand experience and messaging, that is not only in the right context, but also communicated with the intended voice, look and feel that is consistent with our brand identity. Have fun, but be smart. Use sound judgment and common sense, adhere to the Company’s values, and the same Company policies that you follow in the offline world. BASIC SOCIAL MEDIA GUIDELINES (FACEBOOK ORIENTED) Responsible Engagement While JGE is still exploring social ... ...nd when necessary to maintain conversations. ï‚ § Brainstorm ideas across Centres to decide on appropriate engagement approaches that can be taken out across all the markets ï‚ § Hold regular meetings internally to discuss bi-monthly content plans where new ideas on contests, and activities can be shared and discussed ï‚ § Have an online content approval process in place, particularly for major campaigns such as competitions and promotions to align activities with the brand values and positioning ï‚ § Consider agreeing on a planned content ratio of 60% centralised and 40% localised content for a balance of consistency and spontaneity. Countless conversations take place online every day, and we want our Centres, who are our brand ambassadors, to join those conversations, represent our brand well, and share the optimistic and positive spirit of the JGE group of companies.

Greek Mythology and Greek Goddess Aphrodite Essay

The Greek Goddess Aphrodite is known as the Goddess of beauty, love, and pleasure. Aphrodite is equivalent to the Roman form Venus. She is a major goddess that was known to be youthful and the most appealing. As the god of love and affection, she has been involved in many affairs which also resulted in many children. The Goddess is believed to have been born from Ourano’s damaged genital thrown into the sea by Kronos after a fight. From the damaged part, she was born and arose with a foam in the sea. According to the Greek poet Homer, she was born from the God Zeus and the Goddess Dione. Because she was beautiful, many Gods wanted her for their wife. All of them argued over her along with Zeus. The arguments over Aphrodite continued; Zeus was rejected by Aphrodite. In punishment for rejection and for the good of ending all arguments, Zeus forced her to marry Hephaestus, an ugly god of blacksmiths. She was not faithful in her relationship with the God of Blacksmiths and had affairs with other gods such as Poseidon, Hermes, Dionysos, Phaethon, and others. her most famous affair was with Ares, the god of war. Hephaestus was suspicious of her and set up a trap to catch her while she was with Ares. He chained them and dragged them to Olympus to show their shame. They did not take it seriously, resulting in the two being freed and Ares paying a fine. Aphrodite had no children with Hephaestus; her children with Poseidon are Rhodos and Herophilos. Harmonia, Deimos, Phobos, The Erotes, and Anteros was with Ares. Hermes’s children are Tyche, Peitho, Eunomia, and Hermaproditos. The Charites and Priapus and children of Dionysos. Children from various others are Beroe, Astynoos, Aeneas, Lyrus, Lyrus, and Meligounis. Aphrodite played a major role in causing the Trojan War. She was involved in a disagreement with Athena and Hera that resulted in the Trojan War. Aphrodite promised the Helen of Troy to Paris while she was already married to King Menelaus of Sparta. Outraged by event and abduction of his wife, the King sent his army to fight in the city of Troy. The Trojan War resulted in the destruction of Troy.

Class mobility

Classes have been studied under five classifications and similarly castes have classified under eight categories and both are socially viable. Absolute mobility has been used to study intergenerational social mobility and after allowing for structural changes, relative mobility has been analyzed by using odds ratio. Finally to study the effect of castes/community on social mobility logistic regression have been used with access to salariat class destination as dependent variable and class origins and castes as independent variables.To look t the trends over time, five year birth cohort data have been used with focus on father's occupation to avoid any impact of life-cycle process. Since India has gone through various social economic changes over years, like a capitalist country it is expected to become more open with greater equality of opportunities after liberalization of post 1980s. Therefore, equality of opportunity should rise along with a rise in absolute mobility. Discussion t o patterns of intergenerational mobility of men and women is limited only to paid employment.Paper pointed out that proportion of Indian labour in trade, manufacture and services has risen but the largest workforce participation still remains in agriculture. There has been an increasing room at the top and agricultural workers and farmer's participation has declined over time. More women as compared to men remain in agricultural occupations. Also, the occupational change has been there prior to liberalization. Therefore, we do not see any impact of modernization in the changing occupational patterns.Crosstabs of NES data between classes of father and respondent clearly shows a stable intergenerational society for both men and women. A trend analysis of absolute mobility shows decreasing upward mobility and increasing downward mobility as opposed to our hypothesis. Trends in inequality of opportunity calculated by using odds ratio and then by log linear model (appropriate way to test for increasing fluidity) shows a clear pattern of increasing inequality of opportunity both in agriculture and informal sector but grater in farming sector.A higher odds ratio of armer: salariat than manual: salariat ratio points out some sectoral barriers in addition to class barriers. Also, the movement between farming and salariat Jobs is harder for women. Overall there has been little demonstrable increase in equality of opportunity in Indian society. When the impact of castes was analysed is was seen that by using the logit regression and recoding castes in eight distinctive categories no clear trend could be observed for both men and women. Rather the father's class nas been a strong determining tactor tor access to salaried class destinations.Surprisingly India which is a caste based society and policies of reservation are also based on castes, it is the class which determines the upward social mobility. Caste reservation does not seen to have benefitted the SCS and STs as m ight have been hoped. CRITIC The paper in the beginning explained various modernization theses and asking research questions based on demand and supply side issues. It was said that we explore these various possibilities in remainder of the chapter. But the whole focus was concentrated only on class and lastly caste analyses.Competitive market, formalized recruitment procedure and equality of condition were not incorporated as results of modernization as per my understanding. I am not aware though if such a method is possible. Secondly, not undertaking the marital social mobility of women has been considered a limitation in the study but since the paper looks at the social mobility in terms of access to salarit Jobs, marriage of a women to a higher class individual than her father does indicate a net upward social mobility of her living tandard but not her chances of getting a better Job.Even if this argument doen't sounds good then a social mobility through marriage is not in any c ase an indicator of modernization of society. Lastly, in the birth cohort method, one has to self calculated roughly where exactly the period of liberalization has been shown on the table or graph. Since our focus is on modernization, had there been a mention of period of liberalization along the birth years it would have been easy to anlyze the changes before and after the liberalization.